Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity'
The American YMCA and Prisoner of War Diplomacy among the Central Power Nations
during World War I, 1914-1923.
by Kenneth Steuer

Annotated Primary Source Bibliography

The records of the YMCA of the USA, located in the Kautz Family YMCA Archives in the Elmer L. Anderson Library at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, is a treasure trove of unexplored information regarding American social welfare activities during the First World War. This collection contains material from 1617 to the present, with the emphasis on materials from the founding of the Young Men's Christian Association in 1844 to the 1960's. This material spans the globe, reflecting the international membership of the World's Alliance and the missionary objectives of the organization. The American YMCA archives include an extensive biographical database containing the records of Association secretaries as well as an impressive photograph collection (over 75,000 photographs). The archives include organizational records and files; photographs, postcards, and scrapbooks; films, videos, and audio-recordings; posters and broadsides; artifacts; books; and periodicals. Regarding World War I materials, the collection is roughly divided into two general sections. The Armed Services Records Collection consists of 144 boxes of materials (59.2 cubic feet) and focuses on American YMCA support for the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during the Great War. Its contents include information cards on most of the 20,000 secretaries who served overseas in support of Association welfare operations. In addition, this collection contains material from joint relief operations with the Young Women's Christian Association, the Salvation Army, the Knights of Columbus, the Young Men's Hebrew Association, and the American Library Association for AEF troops. The second general collection focuses on the foreign work of the International Committee of the North American YMCA. The International Division Collection files are arranged by country and this information ranges chronologically from the 1840's to the present and geographically to include over 90 nations. Files consulted for this work included materials from Austria, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russia, and Turkey. These files consist of personal letters, annual and quarterly reports, newspaper articles, official correspondence, building deeds, article submissions, and other unusual materials, in addition to POW inspection reports sent by WPA Field Secretaries to the International Committee in New York.

The World's Alliance of YMCA's Archives in Geneva, Switzerland is also an important source of primary material on social welfare activities during World War I. As the headquarters for this international organization, the World's Alliance archives contain extensive material from member nations as well as World Committee proceedings. World War I holdings include a wide range of primary sources from Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland, and the United States, including reports from the WPA Field Secretaries working in POW camps. In many ways, the World's Alliance archives complement the holdings of the American YMCA archives, especially in terms of reports and correspondence from American secretaries. The World's Alliance, however, maintains documents from European countries that are no longer readily available to historians. Most of the German National YMCA records from the First World War were destroyed during World War II and the only surviving documents are preserved in Geneva. In addition, the availability of the English National YMCA Council records is very limited due to archival limitations in London. Some British records are easier to retrieve in the World's Alliance collection, although the collection is limited primarily to published materials.

Archival collections for the Scandinavian countries for World War I operations can be accessed through the national archives in Denmark and Sweden. They are available to researchers with the permission of the Danish YMCA and Swedish YMCA General Secretaries (the organizations maintain proprietary rights to these collections). Danish YMCA war records are housed in the Rigsarkivet in Copenhagen and include the minutes of the national committee meetings during 1917-1919 as well as correspondence from Danish WPA Secretaries in Central Power and Russian prison camps. World War I records for the Swedish YMCA are contained in the Riksarkivet in Stockholm, but are limited in scope in comparison to the Danish YMCA collection in Copenhagen.

Finally, an important source of primary material for American YMCA leadership can be found in the Yale Divinity School Library Special Collections in New Haven, Connecticut. The personal papers of John R. Mott are located in Yale's collection of religious leaders' papers (which also include other YMCA leaders such as Dwight L. Moody and George Sherwood Eddy). Yale maintains a collection of ninety-three linear feet of Mott material, as well as 110 linear feet of the Archives of the World Student Christian Federation.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources—Books

Abbot, Willis John. The Nations at War: A Current History. New York: Syndicate Publishing Company, 1915.

American National Red Cross. The American National Red Cross Annual Report June 30, 1918. Washington, DC: American Red Cross, circa 1918.

American National Red Cross. The American National Red Cross Annual Report June 30, 1919. Washington, DC: American Red Cross, circa 1919.

American National Red Cross. The American National Red Cross Annual Report June 30, 1920. Washington, DC: American Red Cross, circa 1920.

American National Red Cross. The American National Red Cross Annual Report June 30, 1921. Washington, DC: American Red Cross, circa 1921.

American National Red Cross. The American National Red Cross Annual Report June 30, 1922. Washington, DC: American Red Cross, circa 1922.

American National Red Cross. Reports of the American Red Cross Commissions Upon Their Activities in Macedonia, Thrace, Bulgaria, the Aegean Islands, and Greece. New York: Oxford University Press, 1919.

American National Red Cross. The Work of the American Red Cross during the War: A Statement of Finances and Accomplishments for the Period July 1, 1917 to February 28, 1919. Washington, DC: American Red Cross, October 1919.

Andre, Francois Victor. Les raisins sont bien beaux: Correspondence de guerre d'un rural, 1914-1916. Paris: Fayard, 1977.

D'Anthouard, Baron A. Les Prisonniers de Guerre: Renseignements pratiques sur les moyens de retrouver les prisonniers, de correspondence avec eux. Paris: A. Colin, 1918.

____. "Le Regime des Prisonniers de Guerre en France et en Allemagne." In L'Allemagne et les Alliés devant la Conscience Chrétienne, edited by Alfred Baudrillart Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1915.

Archibald, Norman. Heaven High, Hell Deep, 1917-1918. New York: A. and C. Boni, 1935.

Armstrong, Harold. Turkey in Travail: The Birth of a New Nation. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1925.

Arvengas, Gilbert. Entre les fils de fer: Carnet d'un prisonnier de Guerre entre 1914 et 1917 (au camp d'Ohrdruf). Paris: Jouvre, 1918.

Aubry, Augustin. Ma captivité en Allemagne. Paris: Perrin et cie, 1916.

Aus deutschen Kriegsgefangenenlagern (Les prisonniers de guerre en Allemagne). Frankfurt-am-Main: Literarische Anstalt, Rütten, und Löning, 1915.

Aus deutschen Kriegsgefangenenlagern: Zweite Folge mit 100 Originalaufnahmen. Frankfurt-am-Main: Literarische Anstalt, Rütten, und Löning, 1916.

Austin, Lorimer John. My Experiences as a German Prisoner. London: A. Melrose, 1918.

Backhaus, D. Die Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland: Gegen 250 Wirtlichkeitsaufnahmen aus deutschen Kriegsgefangenenlagern. Berlin: Verlag Hermann Montanus, 1915.

Batteler, J. F. Les étapes et l'évasion d'un prisonnier civil en Allemagne. Paris: Altinger, 1916.

Baud-Bovy, D. L'Evasion (ESCAPE FROM THE PRISON CAMP de Hammelburg). Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1917.

Beck, Christian. Die Frau und die Kriegsgefangenen: Die fremdländichen Frauen und die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen. Nürnberg: Nürnberger Bücherei und Verlagsgesellschaft Döllinger and Company, 1919.

Bell, John Kemble. "The Quality of Mercy": How British Prisoners of War Were Taken to Germany in 1914. London: Avenue Press, 1918.

Bernstorff, J. H .A. H. A. Memoirs of Count Bernstorff. New York: Random House, 1936.

Blanchin, L. Chez eux: Souvenirs de guerre et de captivité. Paris: Delagrave, 1916.

Bloch, Chaim. Erinnerungen aus einem Kriegsgefangenenlager. Vienna: Appel, 1933.

Brepohl, F. W. and Hugo Hidmann. Aus der Arbeit für deutschen Kriegsgefangenen: Tätigkeitsbericht der Evangelischen Blättervereinigung für Soldaten und kriegsgefangene Deutsche. Bad Nassau (Lahn): Evangelischen Blättervereinigung, 1917.

British Broadcasting Company. Escapers All: Being the Personal Narratives of Fifteen Escapers from War-Time Prison Camps, 1914-1918. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1932.

Bulletin Paroissial du Camp d'Ohrdruf. Ohrdruf, Germany: May 1915-February 1916.

Bury, Herbert. My Visit to Ruhleben. London: A. R. Mowbray and Company, 1917.

____. Russian Life To-Day. London: A. R. Mowbray and Company, 1915.

Cameron, John Stanley. Ten Months in a German Raider: A Prisoner Aboard the "Wolf." New York: George H. Doran Company, 1918.

Canter, J. A. L. Thirteen Days: My Escape from a German Prison. London: Bell and Sons, 1918.

Capobianco, Giuseppe Leonida. Impressioni e ricordi della prigionia di guerra in Austria con un discorso sulla Triplice Alleanza due lettere di S.E. Paolo Boselli. Naples: Casa Editice Libraria Federico & Ardia, 1928.

The Captivity of the Italians in Austria. Turin, Italy: Unione Tipografico Editrice, 1918.

Celarie, Henriette. En Esclavage, journal de deux deportees. Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1918.

Christmas, Dr. de. Le Traitement des prisonniers francais en Allemagne, d'après l'interrogatoire des prisonniers ramenés d'Allemagne en Suisse pour raisons de santé. Paris: Chapelot, 1917.

Cimino, Hugh. Behind the Prison Bars in Germany: A Detailed Record of Six Months' Experience in German Prison Camps and Detention Centers by a British Doctor Who Has Just Been Released. London: George Newnes, 1915.

Cohen, Israel. The Ruhleben Prison Camp: A Record of Nineteen Months' Internment. London: Methuen and Company, 1917.

Colton, Ethan T. Forty Years with Russians. New York: Association Press, 1940.

Comité Universal des Union Chrétiennes de Jeunes Gens. Bibliothèque des Prisonniers de Guerre. Lausanne: Coopérative la Concorde, circa 1917.

Constantinovitch, Costa. Le Traitement des Prisonniers en Bulgarie: Récit de ma captivité. Paris: Courbevote, 1919.

Correvon, Charles. Aus deutschen Kriegsgefangenenlagern: Eindrücke eines Seelsorges: Dritte Folge. Frankfurt-am-Main: Literarische Anstalt, Rütten, und Löning, 1916.

____. Les Prisonniers de Guerre en Allemagne: Impressions d'un aumonier: Troiseme Serie. Frankfurt-am-Main: Literarische Anstalt, Rütten, und Löning, 1916.

Daniele, F. Michele. Calvario di Guerra: Diario di prigonia in Austria. Milan: Alpes, 1932.

Davison, Henry P. The American Red Cross in the Great War. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1919.

Davis, Jerome. A Life Adventure of Peace: An Autobiography. New York: The Citadel Press, 1967.

Debran, Isabelle. Prisonniers en Allemagne. Paris: Payot et Cie, 1915.

Dennett, Carl P. The Prisoners of the Great War: Authoritative Statement of Conditions in the Prison Camps of Germany. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919.

Desson, Georges. A Hostage in Germany. London: Constable, 1917.

Doegen, Wilhelm. Kriegsgefangene Völker, Band I: Der Kriegsgefangenen Haltung und Schicksal in Deutschland. Berlin: Verlag für Politik und Wirtschaft, 1921.

Doitsch, E. The First Springbok Prisoner in Germany (Experiences in South-West Africa, and German Prisons). London: McBride, 1917.

Douglas, John Harvey. Captured: Sixteen Months as a Prisoner of War. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1918.

Doyle, A. Conan, ed. The Story of British Prisoners: Based on Government Reports and the Public Prints. London: Central Committee, 1918.

Dufour, Jean Jules. Dans les Camps de Représailles (temoignage des chose eprouves et souffertes). Paris: Hachette, 1918.

Dunford, H. G. The Tunnellers of Holzminden: An Adventure of the German Prison Camps. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921.

Ellinwood, Ralph. Behind the German Lines: A Narrative of Everyday Life of an American Prisoner of War. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1920.

Ellison, Wallace. Escaped! Adventures in German Captivity. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1918.

Evangelische Blattervereinigung für Soldaten und kriegsgefangene Deutsche. Aus der Arbeit für die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen Tatigkeitsbericht der Evangelischen Blattervereinigung für Soldaten und kriegsgefangene Deutsche. Bad Nassau: Selbsverlag der Evangelische Blattervereinigung, 1917.

Evans, H. J. The Escaping Club. Fourth Edition. London: Lane, 1921.

Falchi, Persio. Un anno di prigionia in Austria. Florence: Libreria della Voce, 1922.

Fitzgerald, Alice K. The Edith Cavell Nurse from Massachusetts: A Record of One Year's Personal Service with the British Expeditionary Force in France, Boulogne-The Somme, 1916-1917 with an Account of the Imprisonment, Trial, and Death of Edith Cavell. Boston: W. A. Butterfield, 1917.

Forbes, Edgar Allen. Leslie's Photographic Review of the Great War, 1920 Edition. New York: Leslie-Judge Company, 1919.

Francis, David Rowland. Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916-November 1918. 1921. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1970.

Freedom's Triumph: The Why, When and Where of the European Conflict. Chicago: Women's Weekly, 1919.

Gadda, Carlo Emilio. Giornale di guerra e di prigionia. Torino: Einaudi, 1980.

Gerard, James W. Face to Face with Kaiserism. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1918.

____. My First Eighty-Three Years in America: The Memoirs of James W. Gerard. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1951.

____. My Four Years in Germany. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1917.

Gilliland, H. G. My German Prisons: Being the Experiences of an Officer during Two and a Half Years as a Prisoner of War. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1918.

Ginisty, Paul. Les belles evasions. Venice: Editrice Nazionalista, 1917.

Glockner, Henry W. Interned in Turkey 1914-1918. Beirut: SEVAN Press, 1969.

Gluckmann, Adolfo. La Germania criminale. Venice: Editrice Nazionalista, 1917.

Green, Arthur. The Story of a Prisoner of War: Reprinted from the Morning Post: More Light on Wittenberg. London: Chatto and Windus, 1916.

Harrison, M. C. C. and H. A. Cartwright. Within Four Walls. London: Edward Arnold and Company, 1930.

Harte, Archibald Clinton. "With Prisoners of War." In In the Camps, Trenches, and Prisons of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Oxford: Frederick Hall, Printer to the University, 1916.

Hay, Malcolm V. Wounded and a Prisoner of War: By an Exchange Officer. London: Blackwood, 1916.

Heald, Edward T. Witness to Revolution: Letters from Russia, 1916-1918. Edited by James B. Gidney. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1972.

Henderson, Ernest F. Germany's Fighting Machine: Her Army, Her Navy, Her Air-ships, and Why She Arrayed Them Against the Allied Powers of Europe. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Publishers, 1914.

Hennebois, Charles. In German Hands: The Diary of a Severely Wounded Prisoner. London: William Heinemann, 1916.

Hidmann, Hugo. Deutsche evangelische Gefangenen-Seelsorge im Weltkriege: Tätigskeits-Bericht des Hilfs-Ausschugges für Gefangenen-Seelsorge. Leipzig: Döffling und Frante, 1921.

Hill, J. A. Sillitoe. The Front Line and Beyond It: A Diary of 1917-1918. London: The Houghton Publishing Company, 1930.

Hinter dem Stacheldraht: Kriegs-Gefangenen-Lager Münsingen. Stuttgart: Verlag von Hugo Mathias, 1918.

Hoffman, Conrad, Jr. In the Prison Camps of Germany: A Narrative of "Y" Service among Prisoners of War. New York: Association Press, 1920.

Holt, Hamilton, ed. From the First Shot: A Picture History of the Great War. New York: Independent Corporation, 1918.

Hopford, Wim. Twice Interned: Transvaal 1901-1902; Germany 1914-1918. London: John Murray, Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1919.

Hopkins, Tighe. Prisoners of War. London: Simpkin, 1914.

Horton, George. The Blight of Asia: An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1926.

Howard, Keble. The Quality of Mercy: How British Prisoners of War Were Taken to Germany in 1914: From an Official Report Based on the Statements of 48 British Officers and 77 N.C.O.s and Men. London: Avenue Press, 1918.

In the Hands of the Huns: Being the Reminiscences of a British Civil Prisoner of War 1914-1915: Illustrated with Unique Sketches Drawn by Prisoners in Ruhleben Camp, and Which Appeared in the "Camp News." Second Edition. London: Simpkin Marshall Hamilton Kent and Company, 1916.

International Red Cross Committee. Conférence de Copenhague Octobre-Novembre 1917: Procés-Verbal et Protocole de Clôture. Copenhagen: 1917.

International Red Cross Committee. Reprisals against Prisoners of War: Correspondence between the International Red Cross and the British Government. London: Sir Joseph Causton and Sons, 1916.

Izac, Edouard Victor Michel. Prisoner of the U-90. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919.

Jones, Elias Henry and C. W. Hill. The Road to En-Dor: Being an Account of How Two Prisoners of War at Yozgad in Turkey Won Their Way to Freedom. New York: John Lane Company, 1920.

Joris, Romano. Katzenau: Impressioni e memorie di un internato. Trento, Italy: Scotoni, 1929.

Keeling, Edward H. Adventures in Turkey and Russia. London: John Murray, 1924.

Keith, Eric A. My Escape from Germany. London: Nisbet and Company, 1918.

Keltie, J. Scott, ed. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. London: Macmillan and Company, 1900.

_____. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1914. London: Macmillan and Company, 1914.

Keltie, J. Scott and M. Epstein, eds. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1915. London: Macmillan and Company, 1915.

____. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1916. London: Macmillan and Company, 1916.

____. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1917. London: Macmillan and Company, 1917.

____. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1918. London: Macmillan and Company, 1918.

Knight, Gerald Featherstone. "Brother Bosch": An Airman's Escape from Germany. London: W. Heinemann, 1919.

Knox, Marcus. The Silent Baltic: Or, Detained near Kiel. London: Academic Architecture, 1914.

Krebs, E. Die Behandlung der Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland. Dargestellt auf Grund amtlichen Materials. 1917.

Kühn, Joachim. Aus französischen Kriegstagebüchern, II: Der "Poilu" im eigenen Urteil. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1918.

L'Album de la Guerre: Histoire photographique et documentaire reconstituée chronologique a l'aide de clichés et de dessins publiés par "L'Illustration" de 1914 a 1921. Tomes I-III. Paris, France: Illustration, 1926.

Lambert, Eugene. De la prison à la caserne! Journal d'un incarcéré politique d'Ehrenbreitstein, 1914-1918. Metz: P. Even, 1934.

Larmandie, H. de. Blessé, Captif, Délivré: Mémories de guerre. Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1916.

____. Les 100 Numeros du Petit Francais, organe authentiques des officiers français prisonniers à Brandebourg et Halle. Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1917.

Le Barre, Georges. Captive of the Kaiser in Belgium: With the Fall of Namur. London: Mills and Boon, 1918.

Les Camps d'Allemagne. Göttingen: Louis Hofer, 1915.

Logaj, Josef. Obeti. Prague: Cin, 1921.

Loyola, Attilio. The Captivity of the Italians in Austria: Impressions and Recollections of My Captivity. Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1918.

Mahoney, Henry C. Interned in Germany. London: Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, 1918.

____. Reminiscences of Ruhleben. London: Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, 1917.

____. Sixteen Months in Four German Prisons: Wesel, Sennelager, Klingelputz, Ruhleben. London: Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, 1917.

The Manchester Guardian History of the War. Volumes 1-9. Manchester and London, England: John Haywood, Ltd., 1914-1920.

Marshall, L. H. Experiences in German Gaols. London: Simpkin, 1915.

Martin, Jean. Captivity and Escape: By a French Sergeant-Major. London: Murray, 1917.

Marye, George. Nearing the End in Imperial Russia. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1970.

Masucci, Eugenio. Calvario d'oltr'Alpi: Appunti e note di ventinove mesi di prigionia in Austria-Ungheria. Rome: Angelo Signorelli, 1918.

McCarthy, Daniel J. The Prisoner of War in Germany: The Care and Treatment of the Prison of War with a History of the Development of the Principle of Neutral Inspection and Control. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1918.

Modugno, Paolo. Dal Sommergibile "Medusa" a Mauthausen: Ricordi e impressioni di un prigioniero di guerra in Austria. Frosinone, Italy: Claudio Stracca, 1919.

Moncrieff, A. R. Hope. The School of Arms: Stories of Boy Soldiers and Sailors. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1915.

Montvert, J. En Captivite. La vie que nous y menons. Lettres et recits de soldats francais, anglais et belge, prisonniers en Allemagne. Paris: Payot, 1916.

Morgenthau, Henry. All in a Lifetime. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1922.

____. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1919.

Morris, Ira Nelson. From an American Legation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1923.

Mott, John R. Addresses and Papers of John R. Mott, Volume I: The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. New York: Association Press, 1947.

____. Addresses and Papers of John R. Mott, Volume II: The World's Student Christian Federation. New York: Association Press, 1947.

Muse, Ben. Memoirs of a Swine in the Land of Kultur, or, How It Felt to Be a Prisoner of War. Durham, NC: Seeman Printery, 1919.

Nicole, Albert. Paroles de consolation et d'encouragement. Berlin: Furche, circa 1916.

O'Brien, Pat. Outwitting the Hun. My Escape from a German Prison Camp. London: Heinemann, 1918.

Olivier. Onze Mois de Captivité dans les Hôpitaux Allemands. Paris: Librairie Chapelot, 1916.

190 dneaei v Chortovoaei bashne: vpechatleiienaieiia i perezhivanaieiia pleiiennago russkago chinovnika v Velieneiie, predannago v nachaleiie voaeiny avstriaeiskomu voennomu sudu [The Devil's Tower]. Petrograd: Biblioteka Velikoaei Voaeiny, 1915.

O'Rourke, Benjamin G. In the Hands of the Enemy: Being the Experiences of a Prisoner of War. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915.

Page, Edward. Escaping from Germany. London: A. Melrose, 1919.

Pearson, George. The Escape of a Princess Pat: Being the Full Account of the Capture and Fifteen Month's Imprisonment of Corporal Edwards, of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and His Final Escape from Germany into Holland. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, and Stewart, 1918.

Pasthier, Louis. L'Affaire des parachutes de Limoges. Paris: Diffusion, Les Humanites du XXe siecle, 1987.

Picton, Harold W. The Better Germany in Wartime: Being Some Facts towards Fellowship. Manchester: National Labour Press, 1919.

Pierre, G. Un parc a prisonniers: Haus-Spital près Munster-en-Westphalie. Lille: C. Robbe, 1921.

Pintus, Andrea. Anni di guerra e di prigionia 1915-1918. Sassari, Italy: Editrice Democratica Sarda, 1994.

Pirenne, Henri. The Journal de guerre of Henri Pirenne. Edited by Bryce Lyon and Mary Lyon. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1976.

Powell, J. and Francis Gribble. History of Ruhleben: A Record of British Organization in a Prison Camp in Germany. 1919.

Powys, A. R. Homeward Journey 1918: A Letter. Kilmersdon, Somerset: S. P. Marks, 1986.

Prisonnier des Allemands. Par un prêtre. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 1916.

Pyke, Ernest Lionel. Desperate Germany. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1918.

Pyke, Geoffrey. To Ruhleben and Back: By an Escaped Prisoner. London: Constable, 1915.

____. Experiences in Prison and Escape. London: Constable, 1916.

Review of Review Editors. Two Thousand Questions and Answers About the War: A Catechism of the Methods of Fighting, Travelling and Living; of the Armies, Navies and Air Fleets; of the Personalities, Politics, and Geography of the Warring Countries. New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1918.

Roger, Noelle. Le Cortège des Victimes: Les Repatriés d'Allemagne, 1914-1916. Paris: Perrin et cie, 1916.

Rossiter, Ivan. In Kultured Kaptivity: Life and Death in Germany's Prison Camps and Hospitals. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Publishers, 1918.

Ruhleben Irish Players. The Ruhleben Irish Players: First Annual General Meeting Held in Ruhleben on 20th April, 1916. Honorary Secretary's Report. Berlin: J. S. Preuss, 1916.

Russischen Boten. Russische Kriegsgefangene über ihre Eindrücke in Deutschland. Berlin: M. W. Meyer, ca. 1918.

Sandes, E. C. W. In Kut and Captivity with the Sixth Indian Division. London: John Murray, 1919.

____. Tales of Turkey. London: John Murray, 1924.

Sartorius, Ernst. Eindrücke aus der Zeit unmittelbar vor und nach den Waffenstillstand in Bulgarien. Basel: 1920.

Schumacher, Joseph, ed. The Great War in Pictures, Part I. Berlin: Rudolf Messe, 1915.

Sharp, William Graves. The War Memoirs of William Graves Sharp: American Ambassador to France, 1914-1919. London: Constable and Company, 1931.

Sigel, Gustav A. German Military Forces of the 19th Century. 1900. Reprint. New York: Military Press, 1989.

Sladen, Douglas, ed. In Ruhleben: Letters from a Prisoner to His Mother: With an Account of the "University" Life, Classes, Sports, Food, Accommodation, Etc. of the Internment Camp of British Prisoners. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1917.

Slavensky, J. K. Ze spáru dvouhlavého oral: Pribehy prozité legionarem-starodruzinikem v rakouském válecném zajeti a na uteku do svycar r. 1915-1916. Prague: Druzina ceskoslovenskych legionaru, 1928.

Stange, D. Carl. Das Gefangenenlager in Göttingen. Göttingen: Verlag Louis Hofer, circa 1915.

Still, John. A Prisoner in Turkey. London: John Lane, 1920.

Taft, William Howard, Frederick Harris, Frederic Houston Kent, and William J. Newlin, eds. Service with Fighting Men: An Account of the Work of the American Young Men's Christian Association in the World War. Two volumes. New York: Association Press, 1922.

Thomas, Cecil. They Also Served: The Experiences of a Private Soldier as Prisoner of War in a German Prison Camp and Coal Mine, 1916-1918. London: Hurst and Blackwell, 1939.

Thorn, J. C. Three Years a Prisoner in Germany: The Story of Major J.C. Thorn, A First Canadian Contingent Officer Who Was Captured by the Germans at Ypres on April 24th, 1915: Relating His Many Attempts to Escape (Once Disguised as a Widow) and Life in the Various Camps and Fortresses. Vancouver: Cowan and Brookhouse, 1919.

To Make Men Traitors; Germany's Attempt to Seduce Her Prisoners-of-War. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1918.

Trayes, Frederick George. Five Months on a German Raider: Being the Adventures of an Englishman Captured by the "Wolf." London: Headley Brothers, Publishers, 1919.

Trimbalet, A. De Soyécourt à Wittenberg, ou l'invasion et la captivité. Amiens: Yvest, 1916.

Tucco-Chala, Jean-Ernest. Carnets de route d'un artilleur 1914-1919. Biarritz: J et D Éditions, 1996.

Tucker, William Albert. The Lousier War. London: New English Library, 1974.

Uncle Sam's Fact Book of the World War Containing A Thousand and One Facts Worth Knowing Concerning the Struggle for Democracy Including Army and Navy Organization, Insignia of Rank, Pay Rolls, Branches of the Service, Regulating Laws, Classification Under and Official Record of Drafts, Etc. New York: C. S. Hammond and Company, Inc., 1918.

Vallieres, Jean. Tendre Allemagne: Kavalier Scharnhorst. Paris: A. Michel, 1931.

Van Dyke, Henry. Fighting for Peace. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1917.

Victor, André François. Les raisons sont bien beaux: Correspondence de guerre d'un rural, 1914-1916. Edited by Paul Raybaud. Paris: Fayard, 1977.

Wannamaker, Olin D. The Italian Victory: The Official Report of the High Command Concerning the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. Bologna: YMCA Press, 1919.

____. With Italy in Her Final War of Liberation: A Story of the "Y" on the Italian Front. New York: Fleming R. Revall Company, 1923.

Warnod, Andre. Prisoner of War: An Account, with Illustrations, of Nine Months in a German Prison. London: Heinemann, 1916.

Waugh, Alec. The Prisoners of Mainz. London: Chapman and Hall, 1919.

White, Thomas W. Guests of the Unspeakable: The Odyssey of an Australian Airman-Being a Record of Captivity and Escape in Turkey. London: J. Hamilton, 1928.

Williams, Albert Rhys. In the Claws of the German Eagle. London: Dutton, 1917.

Wilson, Woodrow. The Messages and Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume I. New York: The Review of Reviews Corporation, 1924.

____. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Edited by Arthur Link. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.

Wood, Eric Fisher. The Note-Book of an Attaché: Seven Months in the War Zone. New York: The Century Company, 1915.

Wooley, Charles L. From Kastamuni to Kedos: Being a Record of Experiences of Prisoners of War in Turkey, 1916-1918. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1921.

World's Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations. International Yearbook 1913. Geneva: World's Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations, 1913.

____. International Yearbook 1920. Geneva: World's Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations, 1920.

____. Liederbuch: Kriegsgefangenen-Hilfe; Hymn Book: War Prisoners' Aid; Cantiques: L'aide des prisonniers de guerre. Barmen: Westdeutscher Jünglingsbund, 1915.

Yeats-Brown, Francis. Blood Years: A Decade of Plot and Counter-Plot by the Golden Horn. New York: The Viking Press, 1932.

____. Caught by the Turks. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920.

Young Men's Christian Association. International Committee. Report of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations to the Fortieth International Convention at Detroit, Michigan, November 19-23, 1919. New York: Association Press, 1919.

____. Report of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations to the Thirty-Ninth International Convention at Cleveland, Ohio, May 12-16, 1916. New York: Association Press, 1916.

____. Year Book of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America for the Year May 1, 1916 to April 30, 1917. New York: Association Press, 1917.

____. Year Book of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America for the Year May 1, 1917 to April 30, 1918. New York: Association Press, 1918.

____. Year Book of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America for the Year May 1, 1918 to April 30, 1919. New York: Association Press, 1919.

____. Year Book of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America for the Year May 1, 1919 to April 30, 1920. New York: Association Press, 1920.

____. Year Book of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America for the Year May 1, 1920 to April 30, 1921. New York: Association Press, 1921.

Young Men's Christian Association. National War Work Council. Summary of World War Work of the American YMCA: With the Soldiers and Sailors of America at Home, on the Sea, and Overseas with the Men of the Allied Armies and with Prisoners of War in All Parts of the World. New York: International Committee of the YMCA, 1920.

Zavie, E. Prisonniers en Allemagne. Paris: Chapelot, 1917.

Zhdanov, N. Russkie voennoplennye v mirovoi voine, 1914-1918 g. g. Moscow: Voenno-istoricheskoi komissii, 1920.

Unpublished Manuscripts

Heald, Edward T. "Black Bread: Letters from Russia, 1916-1919." October 5, 1944. Kautz Family YMCA Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.

International Committee of the North American Young Men's Christian Associations. "International Committee Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1909-1916." Kautz Family YMCA Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.

____. "International Committee Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1917-1924." Kautz Family YMCA Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.

Phelps, G. Sidney. "Memoirs of G. Sidney Phelps: The Drama of the Siberian Expedition of the YMCA, 1918-1920." April 1, 1954. Kautz Family YMCA Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.

Wannamaker, Olin D. "Digest: Service of American Y.M.C.A. to the Italian Army. Folio 1: June 1915-June 1918." Circa 1921. World's Alliance of YMCA Archives, Geneva.

____. "Digest: Service of American Y.M.C.A. to Italian Army. Folio 2: July 1-31, 1918." Circa 1921. World's Alliance of YMCA Archives, Geneva.

____. "Digest: Service of American Y.M.C.A. to Italian Army. Folio 3: August 1-October 31, 1918." Circa 1921. World's Alliance of YMCA Archives, Geneva.

____. "Digest: Service of American Y.M.C.A. to Italian Army. Folio 4: Battle of Vittorio Veneto: Relief Work to Soldiers and Starving Civilians, October 23-November 30, 1918." Circa 1921. World's Alliance of YMCA Archives, Geneva.

____. "Digest: Service of American Y.M.C.A. to Italian Army. Folio 5: November 4, 1918-December 31, 1919." Circa 1921. World's Alliance of YMCA Archives, Geneva.

____. "For the Six Million Prisoners: The Welfare Work of the YMCA in the Prison Camps of Ten Nations during World War I." September 1921. Kautz Family YMCA Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.

Government Publications

Backhaus, D. Die Ernährung der Kriegsgefangenen im Deutsches Reich: Bericht über den Kurfus für Berflegungsoffiziere der Gefangenenlager von 22. bis 25. Juni 1915 in Berlin. Berlin: Reichsdrückerei, 1915.

Bleck, Edward C., ed. British and Foreign State Papers. 1914 (Part I). Vol. 108. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Bryce, Viscount. The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916. Miscellaneous No. 3 (1916). London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Germany. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Kriegsgefangene: Auf grund der Kriegsakten bearbeitet beim Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Berlin: Die Reichsdrückerei, 1939.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. An Agreement between the British and German Governments Concerning Combatant and Civilian Prisoners of War. Miscellaneous No. 12 (1917). Cd. 8590. London: Stationery Office, July 1917.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. An Agreement between the British and German Governments Concerning Combatant Prisoners of War and Civilians. Miscellaneous No. 20 (1918). Cd. 9147. London: Stationery Office, October 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. An Agreement between the British and Ottoman Governments Respecting Prisoners of War and Civilians. Miscellaneous No. 10 (1918). Cd. 9024. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty's Government and the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of German Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in the United Kingdom. Miscellaneous No. 5 (1915). Cd. 7815. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty's Government and the United States Ambassador Respecting the Release of Interned Civilians, and the Exchange of Diplomatic and Consular Officers, and of Certain Classes of Naval and Military Officers, Prisoners of War in the United Kingdom and Germany Respectively. Miscellaneous No. 8 (1915). Cd. 7857. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty's Government and the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany; April 27-June 1, 1915. Miscellaneous No. 14 (1915). Cd. 7959. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty's Government and the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in the United Kingdom and Germany Respectively. Miscellaneous No. 7 (1915). Cd. 7817. London: Stationery Office, April 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence Repecting the Employment of British and German Prisoners of War in Poland and France. Miscellaneous No. 19 (1916). Cd. 8260. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence Respecting the Use of Police Dogs in Prisoners' Camps in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 9 (1917). Cd. 8480. London: Stationery Office, 1917.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with the German Government Respecting the Death by Burning of Able Seaman J. P. Genower when Prisoner of War at Brandenburg Camp. Miscellaneous No. 6 (1918). Cd. 8987. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting Conditions in the Internment Camp in Ruhleben. Miscellaneous No. 3. Cd. 8161. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Execution of Miss Cavell at Brussels. Miscellaneous No. 17 (1915). Cd. 8013. London: Stationery Office, October 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Transfer to Switzerland of British and German Wounded and Sick Combatant Prisoners of War. Miscellaneous No. 17 (1916). Cd. 8236. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 19 (1915). Cd. 8108. London: Stationery Office, December 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence Respecting the Conditions of Diet and Nutrition in the Internment Camp at Ruhleben. In Continuation of Miscellaneous No. 18 (1916). Miscellaneous No. 21 (1916). Cd. 8296. London: Stationery Office, August 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence Respecting the Proposed Release of Civilians Interned in the British and German Empires. Miscellaneous No. 1 (1917). Cd. 8437. London: Stationery Office, 1917

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence Respecting the Proposed Release of Civilians Interned in the British and German Empires. Miscellaneous No. 35 (1916). Cd. 8352. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 7 (1917). Cd. 8477. London: Stationery Office, 1917.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 15 (1915). Cd. 7961. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 16 (1916). Cd. 3235. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 26 (1916). Cd. 8297. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence with the United States Ambassador Respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in Germany in Continuation of Miscellaneous No. 14. Cd. 7959. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Report on the Treatment by the Germans of Prisoners of War Taken during the Spring Offensives of 1918. Miscellaneous No. 27 (1918). In Continuation of Miscellaneous No. 19 (1918). London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Note from the United States Ambassador Transmitting a Report, Dated June 8, 1915, on the Conditions at Present Existing in the Internment Camp at Ruhleben. Cd. 7863. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report by Dr. A. E. Taylor on the Conditions of Diet and Nutrition in the Internment Camp at Ruhleben. Miscellaneous No. 18 (1916). Cd. 8259. London: Stationery Office, 1916.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report on the Employment in Coal and Salt Mines of British Prisoners of War in Germany. Miscellaneous No. 23 (1918). Cd. 9150. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report on the Treatment by the Enemy of British Officers, Prisoners of War in Camps under the 10th (Hanover) Army Corps, up to March 1918. Miscellaneous No. 28 (1918). London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report on the Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War behind the Firing Lines in France and Belgium. With Two Appendices. Miscellaneous No. 7 (1918). Cd. 8988. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report on the Treatment by the Germans of Prisoners of War Taken during the Spring Offensives of 1918. Miscellaneous No. 19 (1918). Cd. 9106. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report on the Treatment of British Prisoners of War in Turkey. Miscellaneous No. 24 (1918). Cd. 9208. London: Stationery Office, 1918.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report on the Treatment of Prisoners of War in England and Germany during the First Eight Months of the War. Miscellaneous No. 12 (1915). Cd. 7862. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Foreign Office. Reports by the United States Officials on the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians at Certain Places of Detention in Germany. In Continuation of Miscellaneous No. 7 (1915). Miscellaneous No. 11 (1915). Cd. 7861. London: Stationery Office, 1915.

Great Britain. Government Committee on Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War. Horrors of Wittenberg. Official Report to the British Government by the Committee on the Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War. London: Pearson, 1916.

Great Britain. Government Committee on Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War. Report by the Government Committee on the Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War Regarding the Conditions Obtaining at Wittenberg Camp during the Typhus Epidemic of 1915. Miscellaneous No. 10 (1916). Cd. 8224. London: Stationery Office, April 1916.

Great Britain. Government Committee on Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War. Report on the Transport of British Prisoners of War to Germany, August-December 1914. Miscellaneous No. 3 (1918). Cd. 8984. London: Stationery Office, February 1918.

Great Britain. Government Committee on Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War. Report on the Typhus Epidemic at Gardelegen by the Government Committee on the Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War during the Spring and Summer of 1915. Miscellaneous No. 34 (1916). Cd. 8351. London: Stationery Office, October 1916.

Great Britain. Treaties, etc., 1910-1936. Agreement between the British and Ottoman Governments- Respecting Prisoners of War and Civilians. Cd. 9024. London: Stationery Office, April 1918.

Italy. Real Commissione d'Inchiesta Sulle Violazioni del Dritto Delle Genti e Delle Norme de Guerra e Sul Trattamento dei Prigionieri di Guerra. Relazioni Preliminari sui risultati dell'inchesta fino al 31 marzo 1919, Volume I. Rome: Tipografia dell Camera dei Deputati, 1919.

Malloy, W. L. Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements between the United States and Other Powers (1776-1919). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910.

Martin, Lawrence. The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Volume I: Containing the Treaty of Versailles, the Treaty of St. Germanin-en-Laye and the Treaty of Trianon. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1924.

Martin, Lawrence. The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Volume II: Containing the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, the Treaty of Sevres, the Treaty between the United States and Germany, the Treaty between the United States and Austria, the Treaty between the United States and Hungary, and the Treaty of Lausanne. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1924.

Naville, Edouard, V. van Berghem, and C. de Marval et Eugster. Documents publies a l'occasion de la Guerre de 1914-15. Rapports de MM. Ed. Naville, V. van Berghem, C. de Marval et Eugster sur leurs visites aux camps des Prisonniers en Angleterre, et Allemagne. Series I. Fischbacher: March 1915.

Panama. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Correspondencia relacionada con el internamiento de panamenos en el campo de concentracion de Holzminden (Alemania). Panama City, Panama: Imprenta nacional, 1917.

Parkes, Edward C., ed. British and Foreign State Papers. 1916. Volume 110. London: Stationery Office, 1920.

Parkes, Edward C., ed. British and Foreign State Papers. 1917-1918. Volume 111. London: Stationery Office, 1921.

Paxson, Frederic L., Edward S. Corbin, and Samuel B. Harding, eds. War Cyclopedia: A Handbook for Ready Reference on the Great War. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918.

Spain. Foreign Office. Rapport des delegues du gouvernement espagnol sur les camps de prisonniers francais en Allemagne 1914-1917. Paris: Hachette, 1918.

United States Army. The United States Army in the World War, 1917-1919, Volume 16: General Orders, GHQ, AEF. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1992.

United States. Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914, Supplement: The World War. Washington, D.C.: United State Government Printing Office, 1928.

United States. Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1915, Supplement: The World War. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1928.

United States. Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918: Russia. Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931.

United States Senate. Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements between the United States of America and Other Powers. Volume II: 1776-1909. New York: Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1968.

Primary Sources—Association Articles

"Adresses." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 26 (February 1918): 6.

Amaker, D. M. "Letters from Rhodes Scholars: IV." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 26-30.

"L'Amour Maternal." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 28 (April 1918): 2-3.

"American Associations Are Affected." Association Men 39 (September 1914): 645-46.

"American Students Open the Door to Help Europe." Association Men 42 (December 1916): 129-33.

Anderson, Paul B. "Schools for Russian Prisoners." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 17-19.

"An Army Without a Country: The Story of the Valorous First Russian Legion in France, Abandoned by Its Own Country, Yet Pluckily Fighting on for Allied Victory." Association Men 44 (September 1918): 26-27.

"Un Appel Serieux." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 30 (June 1918): 6-7.

"Around the World with Soldiers." Association Men 40 (September 1915): 631-33.

"Association Building for Russian Prisoners, Crossen, Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 30D.

"Association Hall at Frankfurt-am-Oder Opened February 16th." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 26D.

"Association Hall at Sopronnyek, a Russian Prisoner-of-War Camp in Hungary: His Excellency M. de Sjilassy, Privy Councillor of the Emperor King, Presided at the Ceremony." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 24D.

"The Association Hall in the Camp at Spratzern." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 40B.

"Austria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 37-38.

"Austria-Hungary: For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 40-41.

"Austria-Hungary: For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 30.

"Austria-Hungary: From the Secretary for Austria-Hungary, Vienna, March 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 20-21.

"Austria-Hungary: Work Among Soldiers." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 40-41.

Baker, Newton. "A Service to Their Country Is a High Order." Association Men 42 (June 1917): 479.

Bartholomew, Marshall M. "From Mr. Bartholomew." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 July 1916): 24-25.

____. "A Visit to Prison Camps." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 44-45.

Bartz, Clarence W. "At Braunau." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 44.

____. "Russian and Servian Boys in Austria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 43-44.

____. "Russian Camps in Austria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 40.

"Behold Us Lord." Association Men 46 (December 1920): 170.

Bernstorff, Johann von. "Germany: For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 38-39.

"Big Job in Switzerland! YMCA Increases Field of Action among Interned." The Red Triangle Overseas 1:6 (7 September 1918): 1 and 3.

Bogen, Colonel. "The Opening of the Association Building at Goettingen: Speeches by Colonel Bogen, the Commandant." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 45-47.

Branford, F. V. "Talking of Holland." Red Triangle: British YMCA Monthly (London) 1:7 (March 1918): 271-73.

"British Prisoners of War, Veterans of Mons and Charleroi." The Red Triangle Bulletin: A Weekly Supplement to the Red Triangle, No. 23 (4 January 1918): 4.

Bryan, William Jennings. "Bring Back My Boy Clean." Association Men 42 (June 1917): 479.

____. "Telegram from the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., April 21, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 15-16.

"Bulgaria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 49-50.

"Bulgaria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms, 2 (1 June 1917): 51.

Bury, Herbert. "The Fight to Keep Up Courage." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 45.

"The Camp Centre and Watch Tower at Crossen, Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 36B.

Chez, Anthony W. "At Kenyermezoe." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 43-44.

____. "Kenyermezoe (Hungary)." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 38.

____. "Polish Prisoners." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (10 June 1918): 14-15.

____. "Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (10 June 1918): 12-14.

"Choir and Greek Priest Holding Service According to the Rites of the Greek Church in an Association Building." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 40B.

"Christ, l'Indispensable." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 25 (January 1918): 7.

"Christ, l'Organisateur." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 29 (May 1918): 7-8.

"Christ, le Ressuscité." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 27 (Easter 1918): 2.

"Christmas Spirit and Brotherhood." Association Men 43 (December 1917): 265.

"Citizens of a New Europe in the Making: These Are Some of the Boys Gathered from the Camps and Segregated in a School Compound Apart from Other Prisoners. This School Was Organized and Is Supervised by the Association Secretaries." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 26C.

"La Courage." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 30 (June 1918): 4.

Davies, J. A. V. "Letters from Rhodes Scholars: VII." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 35-37.

Davis, Darius Alton. "The Association Work Forestalls Reprisals." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 33-35.

____. "For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 36.

____. "For Prisoners of War: A Cablegram from Mr. Davis." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 38-39.

____. "From D. A. Davis." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 47-48.

____. "Helping Prisoners 'Have a Heart.'" Association Men 42 (February 1917): 326.

____. "Italy." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 49.

____. "Italy: From D. A. Davis." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 47-48.

____. "Italy: Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 29-31.

____. "Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 29-30.

____. "Report of D. A. Davis." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 30-31.

Day, George M. "From Day, Student Secretary in Petrograd, July 3, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 12-13.

____. "The Russian Legion in France." Foreign Mail 25 (November-December 1918): 3-9.

____. "Tomsk, June 7, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 10-11.

"Des Origines de la Fête de Noël." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre (December 1918): 7-8.

"Devotional Conference at Ruhleben." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 45-46.

"Disinfecting Clothing in a German Prisoner-of-War Camp." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 42B.

Donaldson, H. Mac. "Work Among Illiterate Russian Prisoners." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 42-43.

Dowling, A. H. "Letters of Thanks." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 45.

"Dr. A. C. Harte to Visit Montgomery." Montgomery Young Men 1 (1 May 1922): 1.

"Each in His Own Religion." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 40.

Ebersole, Amos A. "Austria-Hungary: For Prisoners of War: An Unusual Group." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 42-43.

____. "A Model College Association in Camp Grödig." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 32-37.

"Espérance et Amour." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 28 (April 1918): 1-2.

"L'Eternel Dilemme." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre (December 1918): 4.

"Les Études de Prisonniers de Guerre." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 26 (February 1918): 6.

"The European Association's Ministry." Association Men 40 (May 1915): 421.

Ewing, R. L. "Work at Stobs." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 9-10.

"Exchange of Wounded Russian Prisoners: They Gave Their Accordions Supplied for the Journey by Our Secretary to Wounded Germans for the Return Journey." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 40B.

"Extracts from a Letter from a Student Secretary in Austria, January 6, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (1 March 1915): 16-18.

Faris, Paul Patton. "The Onward March of the Christian World: Russian Prisoners in Germany." Association Men 46 (March 1921): 312.

"Fifteen Hundred Boys Captured with Other Prisoners of War Have Been Sought Out and Placed under the Care of the Association." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 26B.

"Fifteen Thousand Russian Prisoners at Augustowo, Poland." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 16A.

"First Americans in German Prison Camps: For Three Years the Association Has Been Working with the 6,000,000 European Prisoners of War, but Here Are Letters from Four of 'Our Own Boys' Captured on Various Torpedoed Vessels, Who Write of the Association's Service to Them in German Prison Camps Rendered by International Secretaries." Association Men 43 (February 1918): 445.

Fisher, Galen. "Christmas Trees for German Prisoners in Japan." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 March 1915): 24.

"For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 44.

"For Prisoners of War: Wieselburg--Camp of 57,000." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 38-41.

"Foyers du Soldat Does Great Work for Prisoners at Mannheim." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (22 February 1919): 6.

"France: Military Work in France: By a Secretary, Geneva, February 1, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 5-8.

"France: Report of the French Secretary in the West of France, November and December 1914." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (1 March 1915): 11-12.

"France: Report of Secretary Appointed to France for First Quarter 1915 (Cont.), Paris, April 13, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 29-30.

French, Conrad F. "Letters of Thanks." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 44.

"French Soldiers in German Prison Camps." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 26A.

Fries, Karl and Christian Phildius. "Prisoners of War in Austria-Hungary." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 34-35.

"From the Correspondence of the German Student Movement, Berlin." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 19.

"From Durance Vile." Red Triangle: British YMCA Monthly (London) 2 (January 1919): 177-80.

"From a Professor in the University of Berlin." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 15-16.

"From the Secretary of the Student Movement in Austria, Vienna, April 3, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 40-41.

"From a Secretary of the Swiss Student Federation Visiting in Germany, February 2, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 14-15.

Furnajieff, D. N. "Bulgaria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 46-47.

"Geneva: April 22, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 34.

"Geneva Meeting of the World's Committee." Red Triangle: British YMCA Monthly (London) 3 (April 1920): 454-55.

Gerard, James W. "The Association in Prisoners of War Camps: Observations of Its Work Given by Hon. James W. Gerard, Ex-Ambassador to Germany before the West Side New York Association." Association Men 42 (May 1917): 438.

____. "Embassy of the United States of America, Berlin, Germany, April 29, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 16.

____. "Embassy of the United States of America, Germany, Berlin, April 10, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 15.

____. "From the American Ambassador, Berlin." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 3.

____. "Germany: Cable from Ambassador Gerard through the State Department, Washington, August 2, 1915, to John R. Mott." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 13.

____. "Give Us Bread." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 50-51.

____. "They Shall Not Win." Association Men 43 (July 1918): 851.

"German Propaganda: Secretaries Assist in Carrying Out Army Order Forbidding Troops to Fraternize with Germans." Red Triangle Overseas 1 (11 January 1919): 6.

"Germany: For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 44-45.

"Germany: Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 37-38.

Goble, M. "Letters of Thanks." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 45.

"Gratitude Not Always a Lively Sense of Favors to Come." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 42.

"The Great War." The Red Triangle Bulletin: A Weekly Supplement to the Red Triangle 94 (6 June 1919): 3-4.

Gyula, Palko. "Letters from Fathers and Sons." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 39.

Hall, Thomas C. "Darmstadt Dedication: Address of Prof. Thomas C. Hall." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 39-41.

Hamilton, P. B. "Letters from Rhodes Scholars: II." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 22-23.

Harte, Archibald Clinton. "Address of Our Secretary at the Opening of the Building in the Prison Camp at Goettingen." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 13-15.

____. "Cable from Secretary in Berlin, March 14, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 15.

____. "Cable from Secretary in Berlin, March 16, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 15.

____. "The First War Prison Building for the Young Men's Christian Association, Goettingen, Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 17-18.

____. "From Our Secretary in Germany, April 4, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 14-15.

____. "From Our Secretary in Germany, Berlin, March 4, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 7-8.

____. "From Our Secretary in Germany, Berlin, March 29, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 9-10.

____. "From Our Secretary in Prison Camps in Germany, March 30, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 10-13.

____. "From the Secretary in Berlin, February 22, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 13-14.

____. "Germany: For Prisoners of War: Allied Prisoners in Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 45.

____. "Germany: From Our Secretary in Germany, Berlin, March 13, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 5-6.

____. "Mr. Harte's Recent Sojourn in Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 47-48.

____. "Report by Our Secretary in Germany, Berlin, March 6, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 7-8.

____. "Report of the Work at Goettingen, Germany, March 30, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 13-14.

____. "Russia: Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 43-45.

____. "A Stirring Appeal to Help in the German Prisoners' Camps, Tomsk, June 7, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 10-11.

Harte, Archibald Clinton and George M. Day. "Russia: Visit of Harte and Day to the Hospitals and German Prisoners' Camps in Russia and Siberia, Petrograd, June 25, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 5-10.

Hecker, Julius F. "For Prisoners of War: Wieselburg--Camp of 57,000." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 38-41.

____. "Wieselburg and Harth, Austria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 35-37.

____. "Prisoners Carry On Work Alone." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 39-40.

Henriksen, Ludvig. "The Danish YMCA during the War: Army Work of the Association in a Neutral Country." Red Triangle: British YMCA Monthly (London) 3 (October 1919): 51-52.

Hersey, Rexford B. "Letters from Rhodes Scholars: I." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 19-21.

Heywood, Valentine. "Kultur! As Propagated in Germany's Prison Camps." The Red Triangle: The British Empire YMCA Weekly No. 112 (2 March 1917): 179.

Hibbard, Carlisle V. "Association Men in Prison Camps of Europe." Association Men 41 (October 1915): 19-20.

____. "Cable from Our Secretary in Paris, March 27, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 10.

____. "Extracts from a Letter from Our Secretary in Paris, February 10, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 9.

____. "Report of the Secretary Appointed to France for First Quarter of 1915, April 13, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 26-28.

____. "Report of Our Secretary in France, Paris, March 17, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 30-32.

Hildebrand, J. R. "Allied for World Service." Association Men 44 (December 1918): 295-96.

Hobday, John W. "Mr. Hobday Writing from Switzerland." The Red Triangle Bulletin: A Weekly Supplement to the Red Triangle No. 34 (22 March 1918): 3.

____. "A One-Horse Show." The Red Triangle: The British Empire YMCA Weekly No. 124 (25 May 1917): 463-64.

Hoffman, Conrad, Jr. "Christmas Good Will in Prison Camps." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 42-44.

____. "Enlarged Opportunities for Service." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 41-42.

____. "For Starving Roumanian Prisoners." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 47.

____. "Germany: For Soldiers: How Work for Soldiers Is Administered." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 42-44.

____. "Germany: Impressions of a Secretary." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 42-44.

____. "Getting the News in Prison Camps: Conrad Hoffman Remained in Germany after America Entered the War and Was Able to Make Life Easier for Captured Americans in Prisoner-of-War Camps, Exacting Self-Government, Baseball and Big League Baseball Scores for Them." Association Men 44 (January 1919): 397.

____. "Good Will of Outside Friends Finds Expression." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 44-46.

____. "Gospel Meetings at Ruhleben." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 38-40.

____. "In Prison, Ye Visited Me." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 44-45.

____. "Prisoners." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (10 June 1918): 46-48.

____. "Prisoners of War in Germany: Letter from Conrad Hoffman." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 36-39.

____. "A Senior Secretary's Report." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 44-45.

"Holding Men Steady in Europe's Prisons and Training Camps on the Mexican Border." Association Men 42 (October 1916): 82-83.

"L'Honneur de l'Homme a Notre Époque." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 26 (February 1918): 7-8.

"Hungarian Officer, Prisoner in Siberia, and Russian Staff Officer, in Active Service, Who Wish to Give Their Lives to Association Work." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 8D.

"If I Were Captured by the Germans." The North American Student 6 (January 1918): 8-9.

"If I Were Captured by the Germans: By an American Association Secretary Formerly in German War Prison Camps." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 3-8.

"In Europe's Prison Camps." Association Men 42 (April 1917): 383.

"In German Prison Camps." The Red Triangle Bulletin: A Weekly Supplement to the Red Triangle No. 4 (24 August 1917): 4.

"In German Prison Camps: Where Frienship Counted Greatly." Association Men 46 (December 1920): 171.

"In Prison Camps." Association Men 42 (January 1917): 206.

"Indian Prisoners Entertained in London." The Red Triangle Bulletin: A Weekly Supplement to the Red Triangle No. 77 (31 January 1919): 2.

"Involved in War." Association Men 39 (September 1914): 645.

Israel, Henry. "Behind the Barbed Wire Barricade." Association Men 41 (November 1915): 70-71.

"Italy." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 33.

"Italy." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (10 June 1918): 31-33.

Jacob, Ernst O. "Working Parties Change Conditions." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 49.

"James Stokes, International Friend." Association Men 44 (November 1918): 215.

"John R. Mott, Diplomat." Association Men 42 (October 1916): 24.

"John R. Mott, General Secretary International Committee." Association Men 40 (September 1915): 633.

Jordan, F. F. "Orenburg: What One Man Did in a Single Camp." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 16-22.

Kennard, J. S. "Needs of Civilian Prisoners." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 47-48.

Kretzschmer, General. "General Kretzschmer's Speech at the Dedication of the Association Building in Kottbus, Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 46-47.

"Kriegsgefangene." The Sphere 2:2 (1921): 187.

Lawall, William H. "From the Letters of Secretaries." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 43-44.

____. "In Prison, Ye Visited Me." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 46-47.

Legros, Rene. "From One of the Least of These." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 46-47.

"La Livre et l'Espérance (L'Apocalyse de Saint-Jean)." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 31 (July 1918): 1-2.

"Un Livre pour Prisonniers de Guerre: Lettres et Discours Addressés a des Prisonniers de Guerre." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 26 (February 1918): 1-2.

Lowrie, Walter. "Dr. Lowrie Visits Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 48-49.

____. "Dr. Lowrie's Visits Welcomed." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 49-50.

Lowry, Alfred, Jr. "Needs of Prisoners in Bavaria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 47-48.

Lübbers, W. von. "War Ministry to Mr. Christian Phildius, Berlin, March 18, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 9.

MacNaughten, Edgar. "Austria-Hungary: For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 33-35.

____. "In Hospitals and Among Boys." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 30-32.

Max of Baden, Prince. "His Royal Highness, Prince Max of Baden to the Departing American Secretaries." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 42-44.

McGuinn, Sargeant. "From Sargeant McGuinn, Royal Fusiliers, Cassel, April 13, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 19.

"The Men behind the Barricades." Association Men 41 (January 1916): 193.

"Men from the Ends of the Earth Gathered in a German Prison Camp," For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 26B.

Merrill, William Pierson. "Christian Internationalism." Association Men 44 (March 1919): 435 and 480-481.

"Message de Noël aux Prisonniers de Guerre." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre (December 1918): 1.

Michel, Carl T. "Extracts from Letters of Three of the New Secretaries." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 45.

____. "From the Letters of Some Secretaries." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 42-43.

____. "Study and Play at Darmstadt." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (February 1, 1917): 48-49.

Miller, Douglas. "Letters from Rhodes Scholars: III." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 24-26.

"Money from Home." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 38.

Moran, H. A. "Russia: For Prisoners of War: Eastern Siberia." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 22-23.

Mott, John R. "America Responds and Will Respond." Association Men 43 (October 1917): 97.

____. "The Constant Demand for Service among Soldiers of Warring Countries in Camps, Prisons, and Hospitals." Association Men 41 (June 1916): 485.

____. "Foreword." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 3.

____. "Foreword." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 3.

____. "Foreword." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (1 March 1915): 3.

____. "The Insistent Demand for Service among Soldiers of Warring Countries in Camps, Prisons, and Hospitals." Association Men 41 (June 1916): 485.

____. "This Is Our Day of Opportunity." Association Men 42 (June 1917): 477.

____. "War Work Council Completing Work." Association Men 46 (November 1920): 121.

"Mr. Mott Becomes General Secretary." Association Men 40 (September 1915): 619-620.

"Mr. Mott Drafted for Russia." Association Men 42 (June 1917): 499.

Namblard, J. W. "Report of Mr. J. W. Namblard in France for March 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 37.

Nandor, Popini. "Letters from Fathers and Sons." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 39.

Nastasijewitch, Wojin. "Appreciation of Servian Committee." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 47.

"New Limbs for Old: Prisoners Encouraged to Play Volley Ball or Taught to Use Suitable Apparatus Often Recover the Use of Paralyzed Limbs." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26A.

"A New Spirit in a Prison Camp in Europe." Association Men 42 (June 1917): 499.

Niedermeyer, Gerhard. "Extract from Letter of Dr. Niedermeyer to Dr. Mott." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 35.

"La Noël du Pasteur (Récit suedois)." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre (December 1918): 2-3.

Noering, J. A. "Central Powers." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 39.

"Notre Croyance en une Providencé." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 28 (April 1918): 4.

Olandt, Claus. "The Brother." Association Men 43 (October 1917): 112-13.

____. "From the Letters of Some Secretaries." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 43.

____. "The Officers' Camp at Werl." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 46-47.

"On Cherche." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 29 (May 1918): 2.

"One of the Class Rooms at Wieselburg." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26G.

"Opening Association Building (Second from Left) at Wieselburg: Among These Prisoners Are Some Five Thousand Permanently Crippled." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26G.

"Opening of the Association Building at Harth: The Insets Above and on the Opposite Page Show a Few of the Thousand and More Boys Recently Segregated from the Men's Camp and Organized for Education Work." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26F.

"Opening of the First American 'Hut' in a German Prison Camp." Association Men 40 (July 1915): 519.

"Our Men Abroad." Association Men 39 (September 1914): 646.

Parker, William. "From One of the Least of These." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 46.

"Paques." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 27 (Easter 1918): 1.

Penfield, Frederick C. "Letter from the American Ambassador at Vienna, June 3, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 46.

Penningroth, Louis Philip. "At Brannau." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 41-42.

____. "A Father's Heart Cheered." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 32.

____. "A Practical Life-Saver in a Prison Camp." Association Men 43 (September 1917): 17-18.

____. "Young Boys in the Prison Camps." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 43.

"Père et Mère." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 28 (April 1918): 8.

Phildius, Christian. "From the Secretary for Austria-Hungary, Vienna, March, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 20-21.

____. "From the Secretary of the World's Committee Working in Germany, April 1, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 20.

____. "Geneva, April 22, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (25 June 1915): 33-34.

____. "A Letter from an Organizing Secretary." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 50-52.

____. "Prisoners of War in Austria-Hungary." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 41-42.

____. "Prisoners of War in Austria-Hungary." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 34-35.

____. "Telegrams." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 41.

____. "Work for Russian and Servian Prisoners in Austria-Hungary, July 3, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 47-48.

____. "World's Alliance of the Young Men's Christian Associations, Geneva." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 46.

Phildius, Eberhard. "For Soldiers: Establishing Homes." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 40-41.

Pianoff. "The Russian Academy." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (14 May 1923): 8-9.

"Pour la Nouvelle Année." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 25 (January 1918): 3.

Pourtales, F. "The Association Is the Channel for Much Relief Work." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 41.

"Preserve Neutrality." Association Men 39 (September 1914): 646.

Princhard, M. S. "From a British Soldier in a German Prison." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 47.

"Prison Camp at Crossen, Germany, Showing Church and Site of the Association Building Opposite." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26A.

"Prisoner of War Camp at Spratzern, Austria: The Russian Prisoners Quartered Here Number 37,000." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 40B.

"The Prisoner of War Camps." The North American Student 5 (July 1917): 443.

"A Prisoner-of-War Library in a German Prison Camp." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 40B.

"Prisoners Cheered at an Entertainment." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26F.

"Prisoners' Families Voice Gratitude." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 37-38.

"Prisoners Find Ford Provided by Y.M.C.A.: Hungry Men Straggling Back from German Cages Receive Assistance from Red Triangle Workers." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (30 November 1918): 8.

"A Prisoners' Monument (Designed by Prisoners and Erected with the Cooperation of the German Authorities to the Memory of the Prison Dead at the Camp of French Prisoners in Münster)." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 10A.

"Prisoners Stagger into Nancy and Receive YMCA Hospitality." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (21 December 1918): 3.

"Reading Room of the Association in the Prisoner-of-War Camp at Goettingen." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 10B.

"Red Triangle Hut Opened in Berlin: Supplies Are Being Furnished for the American and Allied Ex-Prisoners of War." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (18 January 1919): 1.

"Red Triangle on the Job in Metz." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (21 December 1918): 8.

"Red Triangle Secretaries among the First to Enter Metz and Strasburg: Good Work Done in Relieving Wounded Doughboys Who Had Been Prisoners." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (7 December 1918): 4.

Reitzel, Raymond J. "Secretaries in the Making." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 44.

____. "A Social Community in Miniature." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 41-42.

____. "A Token of Appreciation." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 44.

"Report from the Secretary of the German Student Movement, Berlin." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (1 September 1915): 15-17.

Rethy, Ludwig. "Letters from Fathers and Sons." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 39.

Robbins, D. M. "Home from Prison Camps." Association Men 44 (November 1918): 237.

"Roumanian Prisoners of War: These Two Are Typical, as, Exhausted by the Recent Fierce Campaign, They Arrive in Germany." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 26A.

"Russia: Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 January 1916): 43-45.

"Russian Prisoners of War Taking Their First Meal in the German Prison Camp." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 40A.

Rutgers, Herman C. "Report: March 18, 1916." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 40-42.

"Samples of Mr. Harte's International Correspondence Relating to Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (6 December 1915): 42B.

Sartorius, Ernst. "Aus der Jugendbewegung in Bulgarien." The Sphere 2:4 (1921): 296-307.

Saunders, K. J. "Work in the Prison Camps, "I Was in Prison, and Ye Visited Me."" The Red Triangle: The British Empire YMCA Weekly No. 120 (27 April 1917): 371-72.

Schoop, Jean. "War Prisoners' Camp at Boldogasszony (Hungary)." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 37-38.

Schroeder, Theodore. "Extracts from Secretaries' Letters." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (31 July 1916): 41.

____. "Spratzern." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 38.

"The Secretary of the World's Committee Working in Austria-Hungary, April 1, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 39-40.

"Serbian Prisoners' Orchestra: These Instruments Were Provided by the Association." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 42B.

"Servian and Russian Prisoners in Germany Get Few Food Parcels from Home." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 40A.

Sharp, Thomas Marye. "Cable from the American Ambassador at Paris through the Secretary of State, Washington, May 10, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 36.

Shipley, Lee. "It Kept Us from Going Mad: With the First Trainload of American Prisoners Brought Out of Germany through Switzerland, Came a Cargo of Praise for the Red Triangle and for Conrad Hoffman, Who Had Supplied the Men with Athletic Goods, Books, and Other Comforts." Association Men 44 (March 1919): 520 and 566.

"La Silence." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 27 (Easter 1918): 3-4.

"Some of the 1,900,000 Russian Prisoners in Germany and Austria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (15 April 1916): 26B-26C.

"La Souhait de la Novelle Année." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 25 (January 1918): 5.

"Soyez Forts!" Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 29 (May 1918): 1-2.

Spiegelfeld, Baron von. "Central Powers." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 February 1917): 39-40.

Springardi, General. "Ministry of War: Commission for Prisoners of War: Rome, July 6th, 1916." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 29-30.

Sprunger, James E. "From James E. Sprunger's Account of His Recent Trip to Austria." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 35-37.

____. "Notes from Camps Visited by J. E. Sprunger." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 April 1916): 45-46.

"Triangle Religious Meetings in Germany Win Out in Competition with the Movies: Gain Favor of Men of a Might Tired Army Purely on Their Merit." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (29 March 1919): 1.

"Turkey: From Our Secretary in Constantinople, June 8, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 56-57.

"Turkey: A Letter from Our Secretary in Constantinople, January 26, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (12 April 1915): 29-30.

"Turning Their Captivity: The Red Triangle with the British Interned in Switzerland." The Red Triangle Bulletin: A Weekly Supplement to the Red Triangle No. 51 (19 July 1918): 2-4.

Two Thousand Servian Boys at Braunau, Austria, Are Receiving Special Food and Care through the Association." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 40A.

Urban, Field Marshal Lieutenant. "Letter to the American Embassy from the Austrian Government, May 31, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 45.

Van Bommel, Dirk Johannes. "Turkey." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 51.

"Vieil Amour." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 30 (June 1918): 1-2.

"La Vielle de Noël a Bethlehéem." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre (December 1918): 5-6.

"La Vielle Maman." Le Messager du Prisonniers du Guerre No. 31 (July 1918): 3-4.

Warburton, George A. "The Present Opportunity." Association Men 40 (October 1914): 1.

"War Souvenir He Prizes Most." Red Triangle Overseas 1 (18 January 1919): 1.

"Well Beloved Christmas Symbols Brought Home Near to Many in the Prisoners-of-War Camps." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 42A.

"What the War Prisoner Does." Association Men 42 (October 1916): 18.

White, J. Gustav. "Prisoners-of-War at School: 'Next to Bread, We Need Books,' Say Prisoners-of-War Who Go to School, Make Toys, and Learn Trades." Association Men 43 (September 1917): 1 and 17.

____. "Working Together at Kottbus." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 48-49.

Whitehead, G. S. "Letters from Rhodes Scholars: VI." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 3 (28 January 1921): 34-35.

Williams, C. "Letters of Thanks." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 44-45.

Willis, C. J. "Letters of Thanks." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1916): 44.

Wilson, E. G. "Americans Imprisoned." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 November 1917): 45-46.

Wilson, Woodrow. "A Message from the President." Association Men 42 (June 1917): 478.

"With Russian Prisoners." The North American Student 5 (July 1917): 454.

"Without Y.M.C.A. Life Would Have Been Unendurable: Hundreds of American Prisoners Released from German Cage Make Above Assertion." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (28 December 1918): 1.

Wolferz, Louis. "Germany: For Prisoners of War." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 2 (1 June 1917): 41-42.

"Women Reach Prisoners Despite Difficulties." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (21 December 1918): 3.

"Work for Russian and Servian Prisoners in Austria-Hungary, July 3, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (15 September 1915): 47-48.

"The World's Alliance: A Retrospective." Red Triangle: British YMCA Monthly (London) 3:8 (October 1920): 457-59.

World's Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations. "World's Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations Plenary Meeting of 1920 at Geneva: Report of the Executive for the Period July 1914 to June 1920." The Sphere 2:3 (1921): 193-215.

Yapp, Arthur. "From the Secretary General of the English National Council, London, April 22, 1915." For the Millions of Men Now Under Arms 1 (24 June 1915): 25-26.

"YMCA Busy in Switzerland." The Red Triangle Overseas 1 (22 February 1919): 3.

"A YMCA Hut One Mile Up." The Red Triangle: The British Empire YMCA Weekly No. 132 (20 July 1917): 669.

"The YMCA in the Alps: Work amongst the British POW's in Switzerland." The Red Triangle: The British Empire YMCA Weekly No. 112 (March 2, 1917): 185.

"Y.M.C.A. Secretaries Following American Army of Occupation into Germany: Now En Route to Rhine Towns to Open Huts and Recreation Centers." Red Triangle Overseas 1 (7 December 1918): 5.

Primary Sources—Journal Articles

Abbott, Lyman. "Knoll Paper: Secret Service: War Work of the YMCA in the War Zone." Outlook 111 (22 December 1915): 964-71.

____. "Militarism and Christianity." Current History Magazine 1 (November 1914): 610-12.

"Abuses in German Prison Camps: Examples of Heartless Treatment." Current History Magazine 8:2 (July 1918): 100.

"The Acme of German Cruelty." Current History Magazine 8:2 (August 1918): 314.

"Adventures of Submarine Victims." Current History Magazine 6:2 (July 1917): 95-96.

"Afion-Kara-Hissar." The British Prisoner of War 1:3 (March 1918): 34-35.

"The American, British, and German Losses in the War." Current History Magazine 9:1 (December 1918): 553.

"American Prisoners Exploited: A Correspondent Sent the Following from The Hague, April 20, 1918, Regarding German Treatment of American Prisoners." Current History Magazine 8:1 (June 1918): 484.

Anderson, Chandler P. "Agreement between the United States and Germany." American Journal of International Law 7 (July 1913): 521-45.

____. "Agreement between the United States and Germany." American Journal of International Law 13 (January 1919): 97-101.

"The Anglo-Turkish Agreement." The British Prisoner of War 1:5 (May 1918): 50.

"Appalling Cruelty to Prisoners: Forty Men in One Group Done to Death by Torture and Freezing." Current History Magazine 8:2 (August 1918): 288.

"The Appalling Plight of Serbia: A Chapter of Balkan Atrocities." Current History Magazine 7:2 (November 1917): 340-45.

"The Areas Occupied." Current History Magazine 9:1 (January 1919): 8-9.

"Armenians Killed with Axes by Turks: Harrowing Escape Account by President of Anatolia College." Current History Magazine 7:2 (November 1917): 339-40.

"The Armistice with Turkey and Austria." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 129.

"Arthur Eckley Lechmere and Science at Ruhleben." Nature 102 (27 February 1919): 504.

Ashwell, Lena. "The Theatre at Ruhleben." Fortnightly Review 110 (October 1918): 574-79.

"At Doeberitz." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 87-89.

"Atrocities in Serbia: Report of Neutral Investigators Regarding Barbarities Committed by Austrians, Hungarians, and Bulgars." Current History Magazine 7:1 (December 1917): 517-20.

"Australian Prisoners." The British Prisoner of War 1:3 (March 1918): 33.

"Austrian Atrocities in Serbia: A Policy of Extermination." Current History Magazine 7:2 (January1918): 161-63.

"Bad Coburg-Saxe Meiningen." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 131-32.

Bandoni, Andre. "Forty-Six Months a Prisoner." Current History Magazine 9:1 (October 1919): 137-40.

"Barbarous Severity of a Court-Martial." Current History Magazine 7:2 (January 1918): 163-64.

Bastin, Rene. "An American's Trip via 'U'-Boat to a German Prison." Literary Digest 61 (24 May 1919): 74-82.

"The Berne Bread Bureau." The British Prisoner of War 1:6 (June 1918): 63-66.

"The Betrayal of Edith Cavell: Trial and Conviction of Quien, the Spy Who, after Receiving Aid from Her, Caused Her Death." Current History Magazine 11:2 (January 1920): 121-23.

Beveridge, Albert. "As Witnessed in Germany: Germany's Prisoners." Review of Reviews 51 (May 1915): 557-67.

"Black Bread on the Waters." Literary Digest 77 (21 April 1923): 35-36.

Bott, Alan. "Cuthbert, Alfonso, and Anatolia: Being Part of an Airman's Adventure." Living Age 303 (11 October 1919): 107-13.

____. "Eastern Nights--and Flights: I. Damascus and the Flight that Failed." Harper's Monthly Magazine 139 (August 1919): 348-58.

____. "Eastern Nights--and Flights: II. Turkish Trains and British Tommies." Harper's Monthly Magazine 139 (September 1919): 563-71.

____. "Eastern Nights--and Flights: IV. A Greek Waitress, a Turkish Policeman, and a Russian Ship." Harper's Monthly Magazine 139 (November 1919): 907-16.

"Britain Honors Captain Fryatt." Current History Magazine 10:2 (August 1919): 232.

"British and German Prisoners." Current History Magazine 6:2 (August 1917): 225-26.

"British Battle Losses." Current History Magazine 7:1 (December 1917): 386-87.

"British Casualties in Flanders." Current History Magazine 7:1 (October 1917): 2.

"British Disaster at Kut-al-Amara: General Townsend's Surrender." Current History Magazine 4 (June 1916): 551-53.

"The British Help Committee at Bayreuth." The British Prisoner of War 1:10 (October 1918): 114-16.

"The British Prisoners in Turkey." The Spectator 121 (7 September 1918): 245-46.

"Brussels." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 126.

"Brutal Treatment of Italian Prisoners." Current History Magazine 8:1 (June 1918): 510.

"Bulgaria's Atrocities in Macedonia: Official Report of the Interallied Commission Manifold Crimes Established and Described." Current History Magazine 10:2 (September 1919): 524-29.

Bury, Herbert. "Concerning Prisoners of War." The Nineteenth Century 79 (April 1916): 800-12.

"The Camp's Library." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 101-2.

"Canadian Prisoners of War." The British Prisoner of War 1:5 (May 1918): 57.

"Captain Fryatt's Watch." Current History Magazine 11:1 (October 1919): 47.

"Care Committee Conference." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 150-51.

"Care Committee Conference." The British Prisoner of War 1:5 (May 1918): 59-60.

"The Care Committee Conference." The British Prisoner of War 1:10 (October 1918): 116-20.

"Causes of the Caporetto Disaster: Official Italian Report." Current History Magazine 11:1 (December 1919): 549-50.

"Cinema for Treves." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 95.

"The Cinema Show." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 106.

"Copenhagen Bread." The British Prisoner of War 1:5 (May 1918): 51-54.

"The Crimes of Germany." The Spectator 116 (29 January 1916): 152-53.

Davis, George B. "The Prisoner of War." American Journal of International Law 13 (January 1919): 97-101.

Dawson, A. K. "Economic Conditions in Germany: The Problem of Feeding, Clothing, and Guarding Three Million Prisoners in Germany." Scientific American 116 (20 January 1917): 82-83.

"Deportations Planned in Advance: Belgian Official Memorandum." Current History Magazine 6:2 (July 1917): 147-50.

De Wyzewa, T. "Un prisonnier de guerre anglais au camp de Wittenberg." Revues Etrangeres (1918): 456-68.

"Diary of a French War Prisoner in Germany." Current History Magazine 5 (December 1916): 506-8.

Donaldson, John O. W. "My Capture and Escape." Harper's Monthly 139 (July 1919): 244-55.

"An Escape from Ruhleben." The Spectator 116 (4 March 1916): 321-22.

Engel, Fritz. "Exchange of Wounded Prisoners." Current History Magazine 3 (January 1916): 744.

"An English Prisoner of War 1914-1915-1916-1917." The British Prisoner of War 1:6 (June 1918): 62.

"Epitaph on a Canadian." The British Prisoner of War 1:3 (March 1918): 26.

"Erich Arnz-Red Cross Worker." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 142.

"Estimates of War Casualties." Current History Magazine 6:2 (September 1917): 427-29.

"The Ethics of Reprisals." The Spectator 117 (23 December 1916): 796-97.

"Exchanging Thousands of Prisoners: Franco-German Agreement, Signed at Berne, Provides for Release of More Than 300,000 Captives." Current History Magazine 8:2 (July 1918): 94-97.

Farmer, Eric. "The Psychology of a Prison Camp." Quarterly Review 231 (April 1919): 396-408.

"The Fifteen-Pound Parcel for Prisoners in Germany." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 94.

Findlay, Harris M. "Life in a German Prison-Camp." Literary Digest 51 (18 September 1915): 625-27.

"The First German Prisoners." Current History Magazine 1 (February 1915): 974-75.

"First Year's Slain and Wounded." Current History Magazine 2 (August 1915): 1042-43.

"The Food of Prisoners of War." Journal of Home Economics 10 (November 1918): 510-12.

"Forcing Belgians to Work in Germany." Current History Magazine 5 (December 1916): 478-82.

"4 Thurlowe Place, Mr. Agnew." The British Prisoner of War 1:5 (May 1918): 54-55.

"The Frankfurt Red Cross." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 104.

"The Fryatt Case: A British Sea Captain Executed by the Germans for Trying to Ram a Submarine." Current History Magazine 4 (September 1916): 1017-20.

"Games for German Camps." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 86.

"Games in Ruhleben." The British Prisoner of War 1:6 (June 1918): 67-69.

Garland, Edward. "Tunneling to Freedom from a German Prison." Literary Digest 60 (15 March 1919): 56-59.

"The Gefangenen Bat." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 86.

"General Townshend in Captivity." Current History Magazine 10:1 (April 1919): 74.

"German Aggression in Russia: Record of Events Placing Finland and the Ukraine More Fully under Teutonic Control." Current History Magazine 8:2 (June 1918): 449-54.

"German Brutality to Prisoners: Report of the Younger Commission on Ill-Treatment of British Captives." Current History Magazine 9:1 (January 1919): 80-86.

"German Claims and Explanations: Their Spring Offensive Said to Have Gained 6,566 Square Kilometers and 208,000 Prisoners." Current History Magazine 8:2 (September 1918): 425-26.

"German Drive in Bukovina." Current History Magazine 5 (October 1916): 10.

"German Losses on All Fronts: One Estimate Reaches 5,600,000." Current History Magazine 8:1 (June 1918): 431.

"German Maltreatment of Women: Story of French Hostages." Current History Magazine 9:2 (February 1919): 290.

"German Official Figures." Current History Magazine 4 (September 1916): 1121.

"A German Plot." The Manchester Guardian History of the War 8 (1919): 262-264.

"Germany after a Year of War-Frankfurter Zeitung's Charts: Prisoners of War, 1,900,000 (July 25)." Current History Magazine 3 (October 1915): 106.

"Germany and Armenian Massacres: Official Documents from Berlin." Current History Magazine 11:1 (November 1919): 337-39.

"Germany's Civilian Prisoners: By a Former Officer of the German Army." Literary Digest 53 (26 August 1916): 448-49.

"Germany's Drive in Rumania." Current History Magazine 5 (January 1917): 642-45.

"Germany's Good-By to War Prisoners." Literary Digest 60 (22 March 1919): 127.

Gibbs, Philip. "Britain's Tribute to Miss Cavell." Current History Magazine 10:2 (July 1919): 143-46.

Goodman, Ralph. "Thrills of War-But the Tragedy of Peace." Literary Digest 59 (28 December 1918): 88-92.

Gordon-Smith, Gordon. "The Retreat of the Serbian Army." Current History Magazine 11:2 (February 1920): 329-37.

____. "The Retreat of the Serbian Army." Current History Magazine 11:2 (March 1920): 472-81.

Gradenwitz, Alfred. "Science in German Concentration Camps: Necessary Not Only for Human Reasons, But for Self-Preservation." Scientific American 113 (3 July 1915): 10-11.

"Grammophones for Camps." The British Prisoner of War 1:6 (June 1918): 66.

Grasset, A. "The Kaiser and His Captive." Living Age 317 (21 April 1923): 144-49.

"Greek Protests Against Bulgar Brutality." Current History Magazine 9:2 (January 1919): 88.

"Greenwood Trees at Ruhleben-Spring." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 90.

Gribble, Francis. "Leaves from a Ruhleben Notebook." Fortnightly Review 105 (January 1916): 60-70.

____. "The Medical History of Ruhleben." Edinburgh Review 229 (April 1919): 290-309.

____. "The Treatment of Prisoners in Germany." The Nineteenth Century 80 (July 1916): 73-84.

Guilliland. "The End of a German Man-Hunt-Seen from the Hunted Side." Literary Digest 61 (26: April 1919): 84-90.

Gymnn, S. "Prisoners of War." Fortnightly Review 141 (May 1934): 621-24.

"The Hague Agreement Regarding the Exchange of Prisoners." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 89.

Harwell, William. "Murder of Captain Fryatt: Official Report by His First Officer." Current History Magazine 9:1 (October 1918): 116-18.

Hegeler, Wilhelm. "A Day in a German War Prison." Current History Magazine 4 (August 1916): 888-90.

"Help for the Allied Wounded at Mons." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 140-42.

"Horrors of Austrian Prisons: Inhumane Treatment of Civilian Women and Men at Interment Camps." Current History Magazine 8:2 (July 1918): 97-99.

"Horrors of Prison Camps: Beaten, Starved, and under Fire." Current History Magazine 8:2 (August 1918): 332.

"An Hour in the Officers' Records." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 146-47.

"How to Shorten the War-I. Prisoners." The Spectator 117 (11 November 1916): 573-75.

Hughes, A. M. D. "Ruhleben." Living Age 288 (12 February 1917): 410-417.

Hutchinson, "The Deliverance from Wittenberg: The Journal of Private Hutchinson, No. 5475, First Battalion, Manchester Regiment." Atlantic Monthly 119 (March 1917): 401-12.

Hyde, Charles Cheney. "Concerning Prisoners of War." American Journal of Law 10 (July 1916): 600-2.

"Increase in the Number of Prisoners of War." Current History Magazine 3 (October 1915): 105.

"Interned in Bulgaria." Living Age 30 (18 January 1919): 146-50.

"The Irish Women's Association." The British Prisoner of War 1:2 (February 1918): 22.

"An Interned Belgian's Story." Current History Magazine 5 (December 1916): 509-11.

"The Invasion of Italy." Current History Magazine 7:2 (February 1918): 238-39.

Isnardi, Ludovicio. "Ordeals of the Wounded: Extraordinary Phases and Episodes Described by Medical Experts." Current History Magazine 6:1 (April 1917): 129-30.

"Italian at Ruhleben." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 127-29.

"King Alfonso's Aid for War Prisoners." Current History Magazine 5 (January 1917): 686-89.

Kirmis, M. "Die Privatpostswertzeichen von Ruhleben." Der Weltkrieg 4 (1916): 277.

Kruglov, Piotr. "Converting Soldiers to Bolshevism: Notes of a Russian Prisoner Revealing Lenin's Methods and the Disillusionment of Converts." Current History Magazine 10:2 (November 1919): 313-18.

Lake, Percy. "Siege and Surrender of Kut-al-Amara: Official Report by Sir Percy Lake." Current History Magazine 5 (December 1916): 545-49.

Lasker, B. "The Prisoners Return." Survey 45 (6 November 1920): 232.

"The Lay of the Last Packer." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 136.

Lee-Warner, Roland Paul. "Three Times a Prisoner of the Germans." Nineteenth Century 86 (August 1919): 309-20.

"Letter from a Prisoner Poet (Ingolstadt)." The British Prisoner of War 1:4 (April 1918): 38.

"Letters from Friedrichsfeld." The British Prisoner of War 1:3 (March 1918): 35.

"Letters from Parchim." The British Prisoner of War 1:3 (March 1918): 36.

"Letters from Turkey." The British Prisoner of War 1:4 (April 1918): 38.

"Letters from Turkey." The British Prisoner of War 1:6 (June 1918): 66.

"Letters...Pray." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 122.

"Life in a German Prison Camp." Literary Digest 51 (18 September 1915): 625-27.

Littlefield, Walter. "War Casualties of All the Nations: 33 Million Men on Casualty Lists Out of a Grand Total of Nearly 60 Million Mobilized." Current History Magazine 9:2 (February 1919): 239-48.

Lonyay, Ida von. "Service of Titled Women in Hungary." Current History Magazine 3:6 (March 1916): 1128-29.

"Mail for War Prisoners." Current History Magazine 5 (October 1916): 5.

Masaryk, Alice G. "From an Austrian Prison." The Atlantic Monthly 126 (November 1920): 577-87.

____. "The Prison House." The Atlantic Monthly 126 (December 1920): 770-79.

McLaren, A. D. "Berlin and Ruhleben during the War." Contemporary Review 109 (February 1916): 214-22.

"The Mesopotamian Disaster: The British Commission's Seething Report on Negligence of High Officials and Generals." Current History Magazine 6:2 (September 1917): 538-43.

Michelson, Peter. "In Ruhleben Prison Camp." Century Magazine 94 (July 1917): 364-75.

"The Monument at Giessen." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 93.

"The Muenster Camps." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 123-26.

"Music and Drama in the German Prison Camps." Literary Digest 54 (24 March 1917): 816-17.

"Music in Holland." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 103.

"Night at Ruhleben." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 149.

"Notes from Clausthal." The British Prisoner of War 1:10 (October 1918): 120.

"Nurse Cavell Buried in England." Current History Magazine 10:1 (June 1919): 420-21.

Oltmanns, O. "Kriegsgefangenenlagerzeitungen in Deutschland." Der Krieg 9 (1917): 501-4.

"Ordeals of the Wounded: Extraordinary Phases and Episodes Described by Medical Experts." Current History Magazine 6 (April 1917): 129-30.

"Our Emergency Parcel Depot in Rotterdam." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 105-6.

"Our Parcels Department." The British Prisoner of War 1:4 (April 1918): 47-48.

"Our Prisoners in Holland." The British Prisoner of War 1:10 (October 1918): 111-13.

"Out on the Square." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 142.

"Painful Charges of Brutality to Prisoners." Current History Magazine 6:1 (June 1917): 521.

"The Parcel Post at Merseberg." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 93-94.

"Parcels for Officers in Turkey." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 98.

Peckstein, C. A. "A Buck Private in a German Prison Camp." Scribner's Monthly 86 (September 1929): 289-95.

"A Perilous Escape by Sea." Current History Magazine 5 (October 1916): 120-22.

"Pforzheim Camp." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 147-48.

Pfuel, Kurt W von. "German Red Cross in the World War." Current History Magazine 5 (November 1916): 278-80.

"Points from Sir George Cave's Speech." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 130.

Potter, Frank Hunter. "War Work of the YMCA: Story of the Association's Services at the Front in Europe and Asia through Five Years." Current History Magazine 8:2 (March 1919): 478-83.

Price, G. Ward. "Bulgarian Crimes in Serbia." Current History Magazine 8:2 (January 1919): 87-88.

"A Prisoner in Turkey." Living Age 300 (22 February 1919): 456-60.

"Prisoner Mail." Current History Magazine 5 (October 1916): 5.

"A Prisoner's Camp." The British Prisoner of War 1:10 (October 1918): 110.

"Prisoners in Bulgaria." The British Prisoner of War 1:3 (March 1918): 27-29.

"Prisoners of War." The Manchester Guardian History of the War 4 (1916): 208-224.

"Prisoners of War." The Spectator 114 (13 March 1915): 362-63.

"Prisoners of War." The Spectator 120 (25 May 1918): 533-34.

"Prisoners of War." The Spectator 121 (2 November 1918): 478-79.

"Prisoners of War and Their Treatment." Current History Magazine 5 (November 1916): 345-47.

"Prisoners of War: 1,900,000." Current History Magazine 3 (October 1915): 106.

"The Proposed Exchange of Prisoners." The British Prisoner of War 1:6 (June 1918): 70.

"Raab." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 99-101.

"Repatriation of War Prisoners: How Thousands of Captured Soldiers and Interned Aliens Were Sent Home-Problem of Russian Prisoners." Current History Magazine 10:1 (November 1919): 245-48.

"Report on British Disaster at Kut-al-Amara." Current History Magazine 6:2 (August 1917): 246.

"The R.N.D.F." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 70-71.

Roger, Noelle. "Prisonniers francaise en Suisse." Revue des Deux Mondes 35 (1916): 63-86.

"Romanian Losses." Current History Magazine 5 (January 1917): 644.

"Ruhleben." The British Prisoner of War 1:2 (February 1918): 15-18.

"The Ruhleben Camp School." School and Society 4 (21 October 1916): 628-29.

"The Ruhleben Debate in the House of Lords." The British Prisoner of War 1:4 (April 1918): 42-45.

"The Ruhleben Exposition." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 91.

"Ruhleben Exposition." The British Prisoner of War 1:11 (November 1918): 129.

"Ruhleben Exposition at Burlington House." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 107.

"Ruhleben Poem." The British Prisoner of War 1:1 (January 1918): 4.

"A Ruhleben Poet." The British Prisoner of War 1:10 (October 1918): 114.

"Der Sammler: Deutsches und österreich-ungarisches Lagergeld für Kriegsgefangene." Der Krieg 7 (1916): 141-44.

Scapinelli, Cardinal. "Italian Prisoners in Austria." Current History Magazine 4 (April 1916): 160-62.

"The Senior Officer." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 149.

Sewell, Archibald H. "The Hun and His Prisoners: Some Impressions of an Army Chaplain." The Nineteenth Century 84 (December 1918): 1056-62.

"Simple Simon." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 144-45.

"Sports at Bayreuth." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 136.

Stehli, Georg. "Die Krankenpflege im Kriege." Der Krieg 1 (1914): 117-18.

"Story of a Russian Prisoner: A Remarkable Experience." Current History Magazine 4 (September 1916): 1047-49.

"Switzerland: British Prisoners and the New Trade." The British Prisoner of War 1:4 (April 1918): 39-42.

"Switzerland in Wartime." Current History Magazine 10:1 (July 1919): 65.

"Switzerland's Aid to the Wounded." Current History Magazine 10:3 (September 1919): 408.

Taylor, Alfonzo E. "Underfed Prisoners at Ruhleben: Official Report by Dr. Taylor of the United States Embassy at Berlin." Current History Magazine 5 (November 1916): 351-54.

"Text of Armistice Terms Signed by Germany." Current History Magazine 9:1 (December 1918): 364-68.

"Theatrical Things at Freiburg." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 143-45.

"Thrills of War--But the Tragedy of Peace." Literary Digest 59 (29 December 1918): 92.

Thuliez, Louise. "Condemned to Death by the Germans: Narrative of Louise Thuliez, a Companion of Miss Cavell in Dangerous Rescue Work." Current History Magazine 10:2 (July 1919): 146-50.

"To British Prisoners of War." The British Prisoner of War 1:9 (September 1918): 98.

Torras y Closa, Valentin. "A Spaniard's Life in a German Prison." Current History Magazine 5 (November 1916): 355-62.

______. "A Spaniard's Life in a German Prison." Current History Magazine 5 (December 1916): 521-30.

"Torture of Prisoners in Belgium: Escaped Russian's Grim Story." Current History Magazine 7:2 (January 1918): 165-66.

"Treatment of British Prisoners: Shocking Brutalities in German War Prisons Revealed by an Official Report." Current History Magazine 8:1 (June 1918): 479-83.

"Treves." The British Prisoner of War 1:4 (April 1918): 46.

"Trial and Death of Edith Cavell: Maitre de Leval Tells the Full Story of the Martyred Englishmen's Death." Current History Magazine 10:2 (July 1919): 138-43.

"Trying to Corrupt Italy's Troops: The Astounding German Order for Fraternization and Penetration on the Italian Front." Current History Magazine 8:2 (July 1918): 16.

"Turkish Cruelty to Prisoners: Fatal Sufferings of Britons Who Fell into Ottoman Hands at Kut-el-Amara." Current History Magazine 9:1 (January 1919): 89-90.

"2,658,283 Prisoners Held by the Central Powers: Official Statement, Aug. 1, 1916." Current History Magazine 5 (November 1916): 344.

Uhl, Gustav. "Die Kapitulation einer englischen Armee in Kut al Amara." Der Weltkrieg 5 (1916): 53-55.

"The Ukrainian Peace Treaty." Current History Magazine 7:1 (March 1918): 435-36.

"Verses by a Canadian Prisoner of War." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 152.

"The Vêtement du Prisonnier." The British Prisoner of War 1:8 (August 1918): 92.

Wegener, Georg. "Aus der Sommeschlacht." Der Weltkrieg 5 (1916): 314-15.

Whitlock, Brand. "Brand Whitlock on Belgian Deportations: 'One of the Foulest Deeds in History.'" Current History Magazine 6:1 (June 1917): 543-50.

"Will Romania's Downfall Prolong the War Indefinitely?" Current History Magazine 5 (January 1917): 642-45.

"The Wittenberg Camp Charges." Literary Digest 52 (20 May 1916): 1445.

"The Wittenberg Horror." The Spectator 116 (15 April 1916): 488-89.

Wood, Eric Fisher. "Prisoners in Germany." Outlook 90 (9 June 1915): 334-36.

Woolsey, Theodore S. "Treatment of Prisoners." American Journal of International Law 12 (April 1918): 382-83.

"The Work of the Central Committee." The British Prisoner of War 1:12 (December 1918): 136-39.

"Working Camps in Turkey." The British Prisoner of War 1:1 (January 1918): 5-6.

"The Yarrowdale Prisoners." Current History Magazine 6:1 (May 1917): 221-22.

Yoselovitch, Joseph W. "How I Escaped from German Captivity: A Soldier in the Russian Army." Current History Magazine 5 (November 1916): 256-59.

Younger, Robert. "German Brutality to Prisoners: Report of the Younger Committee on the Ill-Treatment of British Captives." Current History Magazine 9:2 (January 1919): 80-86.

Secondary Sources—Books

Bane, Suda Lorena and Ralph Haswell Lutz. Organization of American Relief in Europe 1918-1919: Including Negotiations Leading up to the Establishment of the Office of Director General of Relief at Paris by the Allied and Associated Powers. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1943.

Barron, Elwyn A., ed. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume X: Deeds of Heroism and Daring: The Book of Heroes and Personal Bravery. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Barrett, David B., ed. World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Study of Churches and Religions in the Modern World, AD 1900-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Bevan, W.L. and Hugo C. M. Wendal, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume XII: The Great Results of the War: Economics and Finance, the Treaty of Versailles, and League of Nations--Index. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Bluednikow, Bent. Krigsfanger et billeddrama om krigsfanger i Danmark under 1. verdenskrig. Odense, Denmark: Odense Universitetsforlag, 1988.

Bullock, David L. Allenby's War: The Palestine-Arabian Campaigns 1916-1918. London: Blandford Press, 1988.

Burdick, Charles and Ursula Moessner. The German Prisoners-of-War in Japan, 1914-1920. Lanham, MD: University of Press of America, 1984.

Burton, J. Hendrick. The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. Three volumes. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1923-25.

Clark, Alan. Suicide of Empires: The Battles on the Eastern Front, 1914-1918. New York: American Heritage Press, 1971.

Cook, Graeme. Break Out! Great Wartime Escape Stories. London: Hart-Davis MacGibbon, 1974.

Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Hapsburg. New York: The Viking Press, 1963.

Darnton, Maida Castelhun, ed. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume IX: War Makers and Peace Makers: Character Studies of the Leading Actors of the Conflict. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

D'Eszlary, Charles. Les Français en Hongrie pendant les Guerres Napoléoniennes et Mondiales. Paris: Librairie Marce Riviére et Cie, 1966.

Farcy, Jean-Claude. Les Camps de Concentraion Francais de la premiere guerre mondiale (1914-1920). Paris: Anthropos Historiques, 1995.

Fedyshen, Oleh S. Germany's Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1918. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971.

Fischer, Gerhard. Enemy Aliens: Internment and the Homefront Experience in Australia 1914-1920. St. Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1989.

Forbes, John. The Quaker Star Under Seven Flags: The Work of the American Friends Service Committee with Seven Governments to Relieve Civilian Victims in Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962.

Franklin, Frederick. The YMCAs of the World: 1977. Geneva: World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations, 1977.

Gardiner, J. B. W. and Thomas Y. Ybarra, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume II: How the War Was Lost and Won: The Grand Strategies of the High Commands. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Gilbo, Patrick F. The American Red Cross: The First Century. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1981.

Gill, Charles S. and William O. Stevens, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume IV: The War on the Sea: Battles, Sea Raids, and Submarine Campaigns. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Girard, Lindsley McEntee. Military History of the World War: A Complete Account of the Campaigns on All Fronts, Accompanied by 456 Maps and Diagrams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937.

Goerlitz, Walter, ed. The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries, Note Books and Letters of Admiral Georg Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914-1918. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961.

Graves, Armgaard Karl. The Secrets of the German War Office. New York: McBride, Nast, and Company, 1914.

Gray, Edwyn S. The U-Boat War, 1914-1918. London: Leo Cooper, 1972.

Halsey, Francis Whiting. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume I: Introduction: Why This War-The Outbreak and the Causes-The Invasion of Belgium, Luxemburg and Alsace-Lorraine, June 28, 1914-October 15, 1914. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume II: The German Advance on Paris-Nancy and the Marne Battle-The Aisne and Verdun-The First Winter and the New Year, August 21, 1914-July 1, 1915. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume III: The Autumn Allied Offensive-The Assault on Verdun-Operations on the Northern Front-The Battle of the Somme-The German Retreat and the Arras and Aisne Battles, July 12, 1915-May 24, 1917. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume IV: The United States Enters the War-The Second Battle of Flanders-Aeroplanes and Zeppelins-Germany's Bid for Peace, December 12, 1916-March 21, 1918. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume V: Ludendorff's Colossal Drive in the West, and Foch's First Victories, March 21, 1918-September 20, 1918. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume VI: Foch's Victories Continued-The Americans Break through the Hindenburg Line and from the Argonne to Sedan-The Fall of Cambrai and the Signing of the Armistice-Germany's Revolution-The Kaiser's Flight-The Surrender of the German Ships-The Occupation of the Rhine Valley and Wilson's Tour of European Cities, September 17, 1918-January 18, 1919. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume VII: Russia's Early Victories-Mackensen's Battle of the Dunajec and the Great Invasion of Russia-Russia's Second Offensive under Brusiloff-The Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty-Bolsheviki Rule and Russia's Efforts to Right Herself, August 1, 1914-July 20, 1919. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume VIII: The War against Turkey in the Caucasus, Egypt, Palestine, the Dardenelles, and Gaillipoli, Arabia and Mesopotamia-Serbia's Tragic Defeat, Roumania Overrun and the Final Victory of the Entente under D'Esperey, August 1, 1914-October, 1918. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume IX: Italy against Austria in the Trentino and on the Isonzo-The Fall of Gorizia and the Carso Fighting-The Italian Defeat at Caporetto Followed by Austria's Debacle on the Piave-The Four Years of Submarine Warfare-The "Lusitania" Case-Germany's War Zone Decree-Mercantile Losses from Submarines-The Zeebrugge and Ostend Exploits, August 1914-November 11, 1918. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1919.

____. The Literary Digest History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Others, Volume X: The Naval Battles Off Helgoland, South America, the Dogger Bank, and Jutland-Personal Sketches of War Leaders-The Peace Conference in Paris, Versailles, St. Germain, and the Signing of the Treaty-The Peace Treaty in the United States Senate-Chronology and Index, August 1914-May, 1920. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1920.

Hart, Albert Busnell and John Spencer Bassett, eds. Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume I: The Great Explosion: Backgrounds and Origins of the World War. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920.

Hicyilmaz, Ergun. Esir Kamplari: Bana Biraz Hurriyet Yollar misin? Istanbul: Beyaz Balina Yayinlari, 2001.

Hinding, Andrea. Proud Heritage: A History in Pictures of the YMCA in the United States. Norfolk, VA: The Donning Company, 1988.

Hindley, Geoffrey. The Royal Families of Europe. Secacus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1979.

Hopkins, C. Howard. John R. Mott, 1865-1955: A Biography: 20th Century Ecumenical Statesman. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1979.

Jackson, Robert. The Prisoners 1914-1918. London: Routledge, 1989.

Jones, Lester M. Quakers in Action: Recent Humanitarian and Reform Activities of the American Quakers. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929.

Jozsef, Nemeth. Napló [1898-1911] Hét év [1914-1921]. Budapest: Magvetoe Koenvkiado, 1993.

Kerr, Greg. Lost ANZACS: The Story of Two Brothers. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Ketchum, J. Davidson. Ruhleben: A Prison Camp Society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965.

King, Charles A., Jr. and A. E. Potts, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume III: Battles, Sieges, and Campaigns: The Military Achievements of the War. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Koch, Rudolf. Das Kriegsgefangenenlager Sigmundsherberg 1915-1919. Dissertation. Vienna: VWGÖ, 1981.

Kodran, Bohdan S. and Peter Melnycky, eds. In the Shadow of the Rockies: Diary of the Castle Mountain Internment Camp 1915-1917. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1991.

Latourette, Kenneth Scott. World Service: A History of the Foreign Work and World Service of the Young Men's Christian Associations of the United States and Canada. New York: Association Press, 1957.

Lescaboura, Austin C. and J.M. Bird, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume VIII: The Inventive and Industrial Triumphs of the War: Science and Industry in the Struggle. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Lourinho, Manuel H. Prisioneros portugueses na Alemanha: Guerra de 1914-1918. Lisbon: Inova/Artes Graficas, 1980.

Lowrie, Rebecca Lawrence, ed. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume XI: Child's Book of the War: Its History and Wonders Told for Young People. New York: Harper and Brothers,1920.

Lukinich, Emeric. Barbarie des Valaques dans l'Historie de Hongrie. Budapest: Imprimerie Victor Hornvanszky, 1922.

Marshall, Samuel Lyman Atwood. The American Heritage History of World War I. New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, 1982.

McEntee, Girard Lindsley. Military History of the World War: A Complete Account of the Campaigns on All Fronts Accompanied by 456 Maps and Diagrams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937.

Messimer, Dwight R. Escape. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990.

Morton, Desmond. Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany 1914-1919. Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992.

Moynihan, Michael, ed. Black Bread and Barbed Wire: Prisoners in the First World War. London: Leo Cooper, 1978.

Pichlik, Karel. Vzpoury navrátilcu z ruské zajeti na jare 1918. Prague: Nakladatelstvi Ceskolovenske Akademie Ved, 1964.

Schrader, A. Von and Paul Fortier Jones, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume VII: The Armies of Mercy: The Vast Relief Work in All the Nations. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920.

Schüddekopf, Otto-Ernst. Der Erste Weltkrieg. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag, 1977.

Shedd, Clarence. History of the World's Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations. London: S.P.C.K., 1955.

Speed, Richard B., III. Prisoners, Diplomats, and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.

Skladkowski, Slawoj Felicjan. Beniaminow 1917-1918. Warsaw: Instytut Jozefa Pilsudskiego, 1938.

Sribniak, Ihor. Polonei ukra intsi v Avstro-Uhorhchyni, 1914-1920 rr. Kiev: Kyivski derzh. Linhvistychnyi un-t, 1999.

Stachewicz, Juljana. Za kratami Wiezien i drutami obozow (Wspomnienia i notatki wiezniow ideowych z lat 1914-1921), Tom I. Warsaw: Nakladem komitetu organizacyjnego zjazdu, 1927.

____. Za kratami Wiezien i drutami obozow (Wspomnienia i notatki wiezniow ideowych z lat 1914-1921), Tom II. Warsaw: Nakladem komitetu organizacyjnego zjazdu, 1928.

Steuer, Kenneth. "'Service for Soldiers': The Experience of Social Welfare Agencies in World War I." In Personal Perspectives: World War I, edited by Timothy C. Dowling, 205-257. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2006.

Stibbe, Matthew. "Prisoners of War in World War I: British and Allied Civilian Internees at Ruhleben Camp, Germany." In Personal Perspectives: World War I, edited by Timothy C. Dowling, 259-272. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2006.

Stoddard, Lothrop and Theodore F. Jones, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume VI: The World at War: Revolutions and Social Changes in Thirty-Six Lands. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920.

Surface, Frank M. and Raymond L. Bland. American Food in the World War and Reconstruction Period: Operations of the Organizations Under the Direction of Herbert Hoover 1914 to 1924. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931.

Taskiran, Cemalettin. Ana Ben Ölmedin: Dünya Savasi'nda Türk Esirleri. Istanbul: Türkiye Is Bankasi Kültür Yayinlari, 2001.

Treffer, Gerd. Die ehrenwerten Ausbrecher: Das Kriegsgefangenenlager Ingolstadt im Ersten Weltkrieg. Regensburg: F. Pustet, 1990.

Udvardi, Lázár. Emlékeim a hadifogságból, 1914-1920. Baja, Hungary: Turr Istvan Muzeum, 1996.

Van der Kiste, John. Crowns in a Changing World: The British and European Monarchies, 1901-1936. Dover, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc., 1993.

Vincent, C. Paul. The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915-1919. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1985.

Wiesenhofer, Franz. Gefangenen under Hapsburgs Krone: K.u.K. Kriegsgefangenenlager im Erlauftal. Scheibbs, Austria: Radinger Druck, 1998.

Willis, Edward F. Herbert Hoover and the Russian Prisoners of World War I: A Study in Diplomacy and Relief, 1918-1919. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1951.

Winchester, Barry. Beyond the Tumult. London: Corgi, 1973.

Wolf, Walter B. and Thomas Shipley, eds. Harper's Library of the World War, Volume V: The United States in the War: The American Armies at Home and Abroad. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1920.

Zeman, Z. A. B. Twilight of the Hapsburgs: The Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New York: American Heritage Press, 1971.

Secondary Sources—Journal Articles

Bolwell, Edward John. "P-O-W in the Kaiser's Salt Mines." History Today 38 (November 1988): 20-29.

Davis, Donald E. and Eugene P. Trani. "The American Y.M.C.A. and the Russian Revolution." The Russian Review 14 (April 1955): 128-39.

Hall, Phyllis. "Pirate or Patriot? The Strange Case of Captain Fryatt." History Today 38 (August 1988): 43-48.

Rachaminov, Alon.  "The Disruptive Comforts of Drag. (Trans) Gender Performance among Prisoners of War in Russia, 1914-1920." American Historical Review 111:2 (April 2006): 362-382.

Williams, Wayne. "Ministry and Espionage: The YMCA in the Ukraine, 1915-1918." Ukrainian Quarterly 32:2 (1976): 152-60.

Electronic Sources

Viscount Bryce. The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-16: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodan, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Miscellaneous No. 3. London: Stationery Office, 1916. World War I Military List: The World War I Document Library. Available at: http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1915/bryce/a00tc.htm#TC. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Eichta, Mario. "Katzenau 1915-1918: Gli internati ed i confinati politici della Grande Guerra." Available at: http://fun.supereva.it/infovox/cultura/eichta_2302.htm. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

"Festung Königstein: Die Bergfestung in der Sächsen Schweiz." Available at: http://www.festung-koenigstein.de/. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Hurton, George. The Blight of Asia: An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1926. HR-Net Hellenic Resources Network. Available at: http://www.hri.org/docs/Horton/HortonBook.htm. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Hyams, Charles W. Sergeant Hallyburton: The First American Soldier Captured in the World War. Moravian Falls, NC: Dixie Publishing Company, 1923. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries Documenting the American South. Available at: http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/hyams/hyams.html. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Lineur, Cecile G. "Les prisonniers français pendant la premième guerre mondiale." Available at: http://prisonniers-de-guerre-1914-1918.chez/tiscali.fr/index.htm. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Muse, Benjamin. The Memoirs of a Swine in the Land of Kultur, or, How It Felt to Be a Prisoner of War. Durham, NC: The Seeman Printery, 1919. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries Documenting the American South. Available at: http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/muse/muse.html. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Nevins, Maureen. "Ruhleben: Sir Ernest MacMillan: Portrait of a Canadian Musician (1893-1973)." National Library of Canada. Available at: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/4/6/m7-212-e.html. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

"Renaissancefestung Wülzburg." Available at: http://www.nachtwaechterin.de/stadt_und-land/wuelzburg/wuelzburg.html. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Tieste, Reinhard. "Papiergeld (Papermoney): Kriegsgefangenenlager. Available at: http://www.tieste.de/papiergeld/kgl/kgl_a.htm. Accessed: March 1, 2004.

Trains of Turkey. "The Cilician Gates." Available at: http://www.trainsofturkey.com/cilician_g.htm. Accessed: March 1, 2004.